Диссертация (1146921), страница 35
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In Russia, people are much moredirect. The first time Alexander's mother came to our house for dinner in Moscow,she told me that my soup needed more flavouring. Afterwards when we argued aboutit my husband said, 'Do you prefer your dinner guests to lie?' Alexander complainedthat in England he felt 'like the village idiot because in Russia if you smile all thetime people think that you are mad. In fact, this is exactly what my husband's friendsthought of me the first time I went to Russia because I smiled at everyone, andtranslated every 'please' and 'thank you' from English into Russian!At home we now have an agreement. If we're speaking Russian, he can say 'Pour mesome tea', and just make a noise like a grunt when I give it to him.
But when we'respeaking English, he has to add a 'please' a 'thank you', and a smile.(English for everyday communication, 2015).240What is the American Frontier?Although American civilization took over and replaces the frontier almost a centuryago, the heritage of the frontier is still very much alive in the United States today.The idea of the frontier still stirs the emotions and imaginations of the Americanpeople. Americans continue to be fascinated by the frontier because it has been aparticularly important force in shaping national values.The frontier experience began when the first colonists settled on the east cost of thecontinent in the 1600s.
It ended about 1890 when the last western lands were settled.Americans have tended to see the frontier, its life, and its people as the purestexamples of their basic values. The frontier provided many inspiring examples ofhard work, as forests were turned into towns, and towns into large cities. The rush forgold in California, for silver in Montana, and for fertile land in all the westernterritories provided endless stories of high adventure.Throughout their history, Americans have tended to view the frontiersman as themodel of the free individual.
This is probably because there was less control over theindividual on the frontier than anywhere else in the Unites States. Of course, thefrontier has been idealized.There are two types of this heroic, rugged individualist drawn from two differentstages of life on the frontier. In the early frontier, which existed before the Civil Warof the 1860s, the main struggle was one of man against the wilderness. The secondtype of heroic rugged individualist is drawn from the last phase of the westernfrontier,which lasted from the 1860s until the 1890s.
By this time the wilderness waslargely conquered. The struggle now was no longer man against nature, but managainst man. Cattleman and cowboys fought against farmers, outlaws, NativeAmericans, and each other for control of the remaining western lands. Physicalviolence was frequent. The frontier became known as “the Wild West”.The frontier also respected the inventive individual. The need for self-reliace on thefrontier encouraged a spirit of inventiveness. Frontier men and women not only had241to provide most of their daily essentials of living, but they were constantly facing newproblems and situations wich demanded new solutions. Pioneer women madeclothing, candles, soap, and many other items needed for the daily life of theirfamilies.The willingness to experiment and invent led to another American trait, a “can-do”spirit, a sense of optimism that every problem has a solution. Americans take pride inmeeting challenges and overcoming obstacles.Americans have also seen the frontier as a pure expression of the ideal of equality ofopportunity.
On the western frontier there was more of a tendency for people to treateach other as social equals than in the more settled eastern regions of the country.Because so little attention was paid to a person’s family background, the frontieroffered the chance of a new beginning for many Americans who were seeking newopportunities to advance themselves.The frontier provided the space and conditions which helped to strengthen theAmerican ideals of individual freedon, self –reliance and equality of opportunity.Frontier ideas and customs was continiously passed along to the more settled parts ofthe United States, as newer frontier regions took the place of older ones during awestward march of settlers that lasted more that two centuries.
In this way, many ofthe frontier values became national values.(English for everyday communication, 2015)242Биография Роберта Ли Фроста.Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California to WilliamPrescott Frost Jr., a journalist and his wife, Isabelle Moodie Frost. In 1885 WilliamFrost contracted tuberculosis which lead to his death, causing Isabelle Frost to movewith her children to Lawrence, Massachusetts and live with the children’s paternalgrandparents. Robert Frost graduated from high school.Frost went on to attend Dartmouth College, but he dropped out in less than ayear.
In 1894, Frost had his first poem published, “My Butterfly, an Elegy” in TheIndependent. Frost married Elinor White in 1895 and started teaching and farming. In1897, Frost went back to college at Harvard University, but was not much moresuccessful, dropping out after two years. After this, Frost lived and worked on a farmnear Derry, New Hampshire, but he did not make much money from it, so he alsotaught at a school in Derry. While Frost was on the farm, he continued to writepoetry, but he did not have success in publishing his poems.With hopes of better luck with his poetry, Frost set out for England in 1912.
Helived on a farm in Beaconsfield and continued to write poetry while farming. In 1913,Frost published his first book, A Boy’s Will, a collection of poems. In 1914, Frostpublished another collection of poems named North of Boston. During this time,Frost began to gain popularity in both England and in America.By the time Frost moved back to the United States in 1915, Frost was famousand had many magazines wanting to publish his works. Frost then bought a farm atFranconia, New Hampshire and taught at the University of Michigan and AmherstCollege while continuing to write poetry.
Frost published his third book, MountainInterval, in 1916. This was followed by New Hampshire in 1923, Frost’s CollectedPoems in 1930, A Further Range in 1936, and A Witness Tree in 1942, all of whichearned the Pulitzer Prize. Frost also published other books including West-RunningBrook, Steeple Bush, and In the Clearing. Frost also received other honors includinghis recitation of “The Gift Outright” at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy243in 1961. Robert Frost died only a few years later on January 29, 1963 in Boston,Massachusetts.(Burns, 2002).244Mending Wall by by R.
Frost245Something there is that doesn't love a wall,That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it,And spills the upper boulders in the sun;And makes gaps even two can pass abreast.The work of hunters is another thing:I have come after them and made repairWhere they have left not one stone on a stone,But they would have the rabbit out of hiding,To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean,No one has seen them made or heard them made,But at spring mending-time we find them there.I let my neighbour know beyond the hill;And on a day we meet to walk the lineAnd set the wall between us once again.We keep the wall between us as we go.To each the boulders that have fallen to each.And some are loaves and some so nearly ballsWe have to use a spell to make them balance;"Stay where you are until our backs are turned!"We wear our fingers rough with handling them.Oh, just another kind of out-door game,One on a side.
It comes to little more:There where it is we do not need the wall:He is all pine and I am apple orchard.My apple trees will never get acrossAnd eat the cones under his pines, I tell himHe only says, "Good fences make good neighbours."Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder246If I could put a notion in his head:" Why do they make good neighbours? Isn't itWhere there are cows? But here there are no cows.Before I built a wall I'd ask to knowWhat I was walling in or walling out,And to whom I was like to give offenceSomething there is that doesn't love a wall,That wants it down." I could say "Elves" to him,But it's not elves exacdy, and I'd ratherHe said it for himself. I see him thereBringing a stone grasped firmly by the topIn each hand, like an old-stone savage armed.He moves in darkness as it seems to me,Not of woods only and the shade of trees.He will not go behind his father's saying,And he likes having thought of it so wellHe says again, "Good fences make good neighbors."Починка стены247Есть что-то, что не любит ограждений,Что осыпью под ними землю пучитИ сверху сбрасывает валуны,Лазейки пробивает для двоих.А тут еще охотники вдобавок:Ходи за ними следом и чини.Они на камне камня не оставят,Чтоб кролика несчастною спугнуть,Поживу для собак.
Лазейки, бреши,Никто как будто их не пробивает,Но мы всегда находим их весной.Я известил соседа за холмом,И, встретившись, пошли мы вдоль границы,Чтоб каменной стеной замкнуться вновь,И каждый шел по своему участкуИ собственные камни подбирал To каравай, а то такой кругляш,Что мы его заклятьем прикрепляли:"Лежи вот здесь, пока мы не ушли".Так обдирали мы о камни пальцы,И каждый словно тешился игройНа стороне своей. И вдруг мы вышлиТуда, где и ограда ни к чему:Там сосны, у меня же сад плодовый.Ведь яблони мои не станут лазитьК нему за шишками, а он в ответ:"Сосед хорош, когда забор хороший".Весна меня подбила заронить248Ему в мозги понятие другое:"Но почему забор? Быть может, там,Где есть коровы? Здесь же нет коров.Ведь нужно знать пред тем, как ограждаться,Что ограждается и почему,Кому мы причиняем неприятность.Есть что-то, что не любит огражденийИ рушит их".
Чуть не сказал я "эльфы",Хоть ни при чем они, я ожидал,Что он поймет Но, каждою рукойПо камню ухватив, вооружилсяОн, как дикарь из каменного века,И в сумрак двинулся, и мне казалось,Мрак исходил не только от теней.Пословицы отцов он не нарушит,И так привязан к ней, что повторил:"Сосед хорош, когда забор хороший".Перевод М. Зенкевича249Есть что-то здесь, не любящее стен,Что пучит землю под стеной в мороз,И солнцем крошит в кладке валуны,То создаёт на двух людей проход.С охотниками тут другой расклад:Чинить за ними стену я ходил,На камне камня не оставят там,Где кролик может прятаться от них,Чтоб позабавить псов.
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