Диссертация (972196), страница 28
Текст из файла (страница 28)
Theissue becomes sort of, well, people can just get around this statute if there is no constructivetermination cause of action. And the answer to that is: There is no problem with evasion,because everything that’s covered by constructive termination has to be a breach of contract.State law has this comprehensively covered [Oral argument No. 08-240 2010: 57].3)КонцептНАНЕСЕННЫЙУЩЕРБ/ПРИЧИНЕННЫЙВРЕДрепрезентирован 6 лексемами: damage, harm, loss, injury, detriment, prejudice. Первыечетыре слова наиболее употребительны и в англоязычных толковых словах ониопределяются через себя самих, указывая на «физический», «эмоциональный»,«экономический» ущерб, ср.: Damage – loss or harm [ODOL 2009: 146-147]; physicalharm or injury [TELD 2008: 120].
В примерах лексема damage употребляется вглагольных словосочетаниях to suffer damage, to prevent the damage или как глагол todamage в значении «наносить вред/ущерб».MR. DUGGAN: …Not all of the guarantors can bring a claim. The husbands can only bring aclaim to the extent they suffer damage as a result of their wives being required to beguarantors on the case [Oral argument No. 14-520 2015: 13].GENERAL VERRILLI: And it did not have and I but I think that's the point. The - a signingstatement was in the nature of a disclaimer and it did not prevent the damage to the credibilityof the United States [Oral argument No.
13-628 2014: 43-44].Лексема harm определяется как 1) loss of or damage to a person's right, property,or physical or mental well-being; 2) physical or mental damage or injury: something thatcauses someone or something to be hurt, broken, made less valuable or successful, etc.[WNWLDO].Данныйтерминхарактеризуетсясочетаемостьювсоставеноминативных словосочетаний: set of harms,harm to goodwill, the harm to the class,the nature of the harm; атрибутивных словосочетаний: real/actual harm, foreignpolicy harm, irreparable harm, an imminent harm, a sufficient harm; глагольныхсловосочетаний: to cause (suffer) harm, to sue for harm.
Приведем примеры:MR. LOY: If such a test were employed, we think, in the Lanham Act, we could lead tooverenforcement, which has its own set of harms [Oral argument No. 12-873 2013: 18].MR. GARRE: In terms of going back for the imminence, we’re operating under thisinjunction which is unlawful. It's preventing - it's causing real harm to the nation's farmers126today. There couldn't be more imminence in terms of the harm that we suffer because of thiserroneous injunction. With respect, it's - it's the farmers that are challenging this - [Oralargument No.
09-475 2010: 56].Слово loss обозначает physical, emotional, or especially economic harm ordamage sustained; the act or fact of suffering physical, emotional, or especiallyeconomic harm or detriment [WNWLDO]. Оно употребляется в составе глагольныхсловосочетаний to trigger (cause, share) the loss.MR.
WESSLER: And what they said was, where there is a fund that is insufficient, where itcannot cover all of the losses suffered by all of the parties, that - that all of the parties mustshare equally with - of the loss. And the Palmer - Palmer itself has an entire chapter devotedto third-party problems [Oral argument No.
11-1285 2012: 41-42].Injury – harm or damage; damage that comes from the violation of a legal right[TELD 2008: 249]. В текстах судебных прений встречаются глагольные выраженияс данной лексемой: to suffer (cause) the injury, to result in injury; а такжеатрибутивные: a unique economic injury, antitrust injury, personal injury.JUSTICE KAGAN: Mr. Kellogg, are you suggesting that you can win an antitrust suit inarbitration without presenting economic evidence of such things as monopoly power, antitrustinjury, damages? How could somebody do that? [Oral argument No. 12-133 2013: 15].JUSTICE BREYER: Suppose the expense weren't to pay the lawyer. Suppose, in order to getthe 100,000, you had, for example, to build a model car to demonstrate to the manufacturerwhat caused the injury, and it cost you 98,000 to do it.
And they pay you 100,000 [Oralargument No. 11-1285 2012: 60].Detriment – injury or disadvantage caused to someone who acted in such a way asto change his or her legal position or assume a liability or duty based on a promise thatanother person made but did not keep [TELD 2008: 288]. Семантическое значениетермина выражает дополнительные концептуальные признаки «изменить»,«правовая позиция», «обязательство».JUSTICE GINSBURG: Mr. Kellogg, suppose it goes to arbitration as you think it should, andthe arbitrator says to the merchant, to prove your case, you have to show the relevant market,you have to show that American Express had market power, that it used that power to thedetriment of its competitors, and the way these sections - the way these tying cases have goneis you get an expert.
And I don't see that you can prove it in - in a new way [Oral argumentNo. 12-133 2013: 3].Prejudice (injury or detriment to one's legal rights or claims (as from the action ofanother); to injure or damage (rights) by some legal action or prejudice [WNWLDO])связано с признаками «законные права», «требования», «иск».127MR. KATYAL: And then later, in 4.6, it says, participants are - quote, “are obligated to avoiddoing anything that would prejudice the plan's right of recovery” [Oral argument No. 11-12852012: 12].Значимойдлясудебногоразбирательствапроцедурой,связаннойсустановлением факта совершения правонарушения, является определение размераубытков,сроков,формыихкомпенсацииит.д.Категория«убытки»вербализируется в судебных прениях лексемами losses, damages.
Изменениеморфологической формы слова привело к изменению его семантическогозначения, что было обусловлено когнитивной функцией перекатегоризации.Окончание множественного числа имени существительного, помимо указания на«количество» и «единицу измерения», сформировало еще и признак –«компенсация»,которыйстановитсязавершающимбазовым/доминантнымэлементом семантического значения данной группы слов.Лексема losses интерпретируется словарями как failure to keep or to continue tohave something; the experience of having something taken from you or destroyed;money that is spent and that is more than the amount earned or received [WNWLDO].Втекстахсудебныхпренийонаупотребляетсявсоставеглагольныхсловосочетаний: to cover losses, to recover for losses, а также to trigger the losses, tosuffer losses, share the losses.Слово damages «убытки» трактуется как a sum of money awarded by a court ascompensation for a tort or a breach of contract money awarded as compensation forinjury or loss [TELD 2008: 120].
Превалирующая глагольная сочетаемость (24единицы)подчеркиваетзначимость,активность,направленность,многофункциональность по отношению к выяснению вопросов о нанесении икомпенсации вреда: to seek damages (взыскивать убытки), to be liable for damages,to concede damages, to suffer damages, to ask for damages, to prevent the damages, tolimit damages, to seek recompense for damages, to do a damage calculation, to assessdamages, to measure damages, to quantify damages, to compute damages, to submit adamages model, to prove damages, to show damages, to trace the damages, to causedamages, to get damages, inquire into the damages question, to mitigate damages, to suefor damages, to award with damages, to give extra damages.128MR.
WESSLER: And the court there said, no, because the fund was insufficient to cover allof the losses - the - the insured did not recover for all of its losses, several other claimants didnot recover for all of their losses - and the court said that, because the fund was insufficient,the - the insurer was limited to recovering - and I'm quoting here - “no more than itsproportion of the amount recovered after deducting costs and fees” [Oral argument No.
111285 2012: 49].CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS: What about the damages you're seeking before 2011? [Oralargument No. 15-415 2016: 39].Обращает на себя внимание указание на временную определенность вотношении взыскиваемых убытков. В праве существует понятие срока исковойдавности, который определяет возможность/невозможность взыскания убытков заопределенный период.
Для взыскания убытков суду требуются точные данные остепени, количестве, денежном эквиваленте и т.д. причиненного вреда/убытков.Вследствие этого в текстах судебных прений употребляются глаголы со значениемоценивать (to assess damages), измерять, в том числе качественные характеристики(to measure, to quantify damages), вести финансовые подсчеты убытков (do adamage calculation, to compute damages). Прежде чем взыскивать убытки в судедолжен быть доказан факт их нанесения, что отражается в языке при помощилексем (to prove damages, to trace damages, to show damages). Стороны стремятся кснижению, либо же увеличению стоимости убытков (to minimize, to reduce, tomitigate damages, to give extra bonus damages, to be awarded with damages).Встречаются лексемы, обозначающие «стать причиной возникновения убытков,вызвать убытки, приносить убытки или же, наоборот, приобрести убытки, статьобъектом убытков» (to do, to cause, to get damages).CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS: Well, but all - under one view, all the dealer is doing ismitigating damages.
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