Volume 1 Basic Architecture (794100), страница 18
Текст из файла (страница 18)
Most existingIA-32 applications also run in compatibility mode.2.2.8Intel® Virtualization Technology (Intel® VT)Intel® Virtualization Technology for Intel 64 and IA-32 architectures provide extensions that support virtualization. The extensions are referred to as Virtual MachineExtensions (VMX). An Intel 64 or IA-32 platform with VMX can function as multiplevirtual systems (or virtual machines). Each virtual machine can run operatingsystems and applications in separate partitions.VMX also provides programming interface for a new layer of system software (calledthe Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)) used to manage the operation of virtualmachines. Information on VMX and on the programming of VMMs is in Intel® 64 andIA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 3B.
Chapter 5, “VMXInstruction Reference,” in the Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 2B, provides information on VMX instructions.2.3INTEL® 64 AND IA-32 PROCESSOR GENERATIONSIn the mid-1960s, Intel cofounder and Chairman Emeritus Gordon Moore had thisobservation: “the number of transistors that would be incorporated on a silicon diewould double every 18 months for the next several years.” Over the past three andhalf decades, this prediction known as “Moore's Law” has continued to hold true.The computing power and the complexity (or roughly, the number of transistors perprocessor) of Intel architecture processors has grown in close relation to Moore's law.By taking advantage of new process technology and new microarchitecture designs,each new generation of IA-32 processors has demonstrated frequency-scaling headroom and new performance levels over the previous generation processors.The key features of the Intel Pentium 4 processor, Intel Xeon processor, Intel Xeonprocessor MP, Pentium III processor, and Pentium III Xeon processor with advanced2-22 Vol.
1INTEL® 64 AND IA-32 ARCHITECTUREStransfer cache are shown in Table 2-1. Older generation IA-32 processors, which donot employ on-die Level 2 cache, are shown in Table 2-2.Table 2-1. Key Features of Most Recent IA-32 ProcessorsIntelDateMicroProcessor Intro- architecduced tureTop-BinClock Frequency atIntroductionTranRegistersistors Sizes1System BusBandwidthMax.Extern.
Addr.SpaceOn-DieCaches2Intel Pentium MProcessor 75532004Intel Pentium MProcessor2.00 GHz140 MGP: 32FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1283.2 GB/s4 GBL1: 64 KBL2: 2 MBIntel Core DuoProcessorT260032006Improved IntelPentium MProcessorMicroarchitecture;Dual Core;Intel SmartCache, AdvancedThermal Manager2.16 GHz152MGP: 32FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1285.3 GB/s4 GBL1: 64 KBL2: 2 MB (2MBTotal)NOTES:1.
The register size and external data bus size are given in bits.2. First level cache is denoted using the abbreviation L1, 2nd level cache is denoted as L2. The size ofL1 includes the first-level data cache and the instruction cache where applicable, but does notinclude the trace cache.3.
Intel processor numbers are not a measure of performance. Processor numbers differentiate features within each processor family, not across different processor families.See http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number for details.Vol. 1 2-23INTEL® 64 AND IA-32 ARCHITECTURESTable 2-2. Key Features of Most Recent Intel 64 ProcessorsIntelProcessorMicroDateIntro- architecduced tureTop-BinClock Frequency atIntroductionTranRegistersistors SizesSystemBusBandwidthMax.Extern. Addr.SpaceOn-DieCaches64-bit Intel XeonProcessor with800 MHz SystemBus2004Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Hyper-ThreadingTechnology; Intel64 Architecture3.60 GHz125 MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1286.4 GB/s64 GB12K µopExecutionTrace Cache;16 KB L1;1 MB L264-bit Intel XeonProcessor MPwith 8MB L32005Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Hyper-ThreadingTechnology; Intel64 Architecture3.33 GHz675MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1285.3 GB/s 11024 GB(1 TB)12K µopExecutionTrace Cache;16 KB L1;1 MB L2,8 MB L3Intel Pentium 4ProcessorExtreme EditionSupportingHyper-ThreadingTechnology2005Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Hyper-ThreadingTechnology; Intel64 Architecture3.73 GHz164 MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1288.5 GB/s64 GB12K µopExecutionTrace Cache;16 KB L1;2 MB L2Intel PentiumProcessorExtreme Edition8402005Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Hyper-ThreadingTechnology; Intel64 Architecture;Dual-core 23.20 GHz230 MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1286.4 GB/s64 GB12K µopExecutionTrace Cache;16 KB L1;1MB L2 (2MBTotal)Dual-Core IntelXeonProcessor 70412005Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Hyper-ThreadingTechnology; Intel64 Architecture;Dual-core 33.00 GHz321MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1286.4 GB/s64 GB12K µopExecutionTrace Cache;16 KB L1;2MB L2 (4MBTotal)Intel Pentium 4Processor 6722005Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Hyper-ThreadingTechnology; Intel64 Architecture;Intel VirtualizationTechnology.3.80 GHz164 MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1286.4 GB/s64 GB12K µopExecutionTrace Cache;16 KB L1;2MB L2Intel PentiumProcessorExtreme Edition9552006Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Intel 64Architecture; DualCore;Intel VirtualizationTechnology.3.46 GHz376MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1288.5 GB/s64 GB12K µopExecutionTrace Cache;16 KB L1;2MB L2(4MB Total)Intel Core 2ExtremeProcessorX68002006Intel CoreMicroarchitecture;Dual Core;Intel 64Architecture;Intel VirtualizationTechnology.2.93 GHz291MGP: 32,64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1288.5 GB/s64 GBL1: 64 KBL2: 4MB (4MBTotal)Intel XeonProcessor 51602006Intel CoreMicroarchitecture;Dual Core;Intel 64Architecture;Intel VirtualizationTechnology.3.00 GHz291MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 12810.6 GB/s64 GBL1: 64 KBL2: 4MB (4MBTotal)2-24 Vol.
1INTEL® 64 AND IA-32 ARCHITECTURESTable 2-2. Key Features of Most Recent Intel 64 Processors (Contd.)IntelProcessorMicroDateIntro- architecduced tureTop-BinClock Frequency atIntroductionTranRegistersistors SizesSystemBusBandwidthMax.Extern. Addr.SpaceOn-DieCachesIntel XeonProcessor 71402006Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture;Dual Core;Intel 64Architecture;Intel VirtualizationTechnology.3.40 GHz1.3 BGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 12812.8 GB/s64 GBL1: 64 KBL2: 1MB (2MBTotal)L3: 16 MB(16MB Total)Intel Core 2ExtremeProcessorQX67002006Intel CoreMicroarchitecture;Quad Core;Intel 64Architecture;Intel VirtualizationTechnology.2.66 GHz582MGP: 32,64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 1288.5 GB/s64 GBL1: 64 KBL2: 4MB (4MBTotal)Quad-core IntelXeonProcessor 53552006Intel CoreMicroarchitecture;Quad Core;Intel 64Architecture;Intel VirtualizationTechnology.2.66 GHz582 MGP: 32, 64FPU: 80MMX: 64XMM: 12821.2 GB/s64 GBL1: 64 KBL2: 1MB (2MBTotal)L3: 16 MB(16MB Total)NOTES:1.
The 64-bit Intel Xeon Processor MP with an 8-MByte L3 supports a multi-processor platform with adual system bus; this creates a platform bandwidth with 10.6 GBytes.2. In Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 840, the size of on-die cache is listed for each core. Thetotal size of L2 in the physical package in 2 MBytes.3. In Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 7041, the size of on-die cache is listed for each core. The totalsize of L2 in the physical package in 4 MBytes.Vol.
1 2-25INTEL® 64 AND IA-32 ARCHITECTURESTable 2-3. Key Features of Previous Generations of IA-32 ProcessorsIntelProcessorDateIntroducedMax. ClockFrequency/Technology atIntroductionTransistorsRegister Ext. DataSizes1BusSize2Max.Extern. Addr.SpaceCaches808619788 MHz29 K16 GP161 MBNoneIntel 286198212.5 MHz134 K16 GP1616 MBNote 3Intel386 DX Processor198520 MHz275 K32 GP324 GBNote 3Intel486 DX Processor198925 MHz1.2 M32 GP80 FPU324 GBL1: 8 KBPentium Processor199360 MHz3.1 M32 GP80 FPU644 GBL1:16 KBPentium Pro Processor1995200 MHz5.5 M32 GP80 FPU6464 GBL1: 16 KBL2: 256 KB or512 KBPentium II Processor1997266 MHz7M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX6464 GBL1: 32 KBL2: 256 KB or512 KBPentium III Processor1999500 MHz8.2 M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX128 XMM6464 GBL1: 32 KBL2: 512 KBPentium III and PentiumIII Xeon Processors1999700 MHz28 M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX128 XMM6464 GBL1: 32 KBL2: 256 KBPentium 4 Processor20001.50 GHz, Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture42 M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX128 XMM6464 GB12K µopExecution TraceCache; L1: 8KBL2: 256 KBIntel Xeon Processor20011.70 GHz, Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture42 M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX128 XMM6464 GB12K µopExecution TraceCache; L1: 8KBL2: 512KBIntel Xeon Processor20022.20 GHz, Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture,HyperThreadingTechnology55 M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX128 XMM6464 GB12K µopExecution TraceCache; L1: 8KBL2: 512KBPentium M Processor20031.60 GHz, Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture77 M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX128 XMM644 GBL1: 64KBL2: 1 MBIntel Pentium 4Processor SupportingHyper-ThreadingTechnology at 90 nmprocess20043.40 GHz, Intel NetBurstMicroarchitecture,HyperThreadingTechnology125 M32 GP80 FPU64 MMX128 XMM6464 GB12K µopExecution TraceCache; L1: 16KBL2: 1 MBNOTE:1.
The register size and external data bus size are given in bits. Note also that each 32-bit generalpurpose (GP) registers can be addressed as an 8- or a 16-bit data registers in all of the processors.2. Internal data paths are 2 to 4 times wider than the external data bus for each processor.2-26 Vol. 1CHAPTER 3BASIC EXECUTION ENVIRONMENTThis chapter describes the basic execution environment of an Intel 64 or IA-32processor as seen by assembly-language programmers. It describes how theprocessor executes instructions and how it stores and manipulates data. The execution environment described here includes memory (the address space), generalpurpose data registers, segment registers, the flag register, and the instructionpointer register.3.1MODES OF OPERATIONThe IA-32 architecture supports three basic operating modes: protected mode, realaddress mode, and system management mode.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
