Диссертация (1146701), страница 36
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W. published a book _______ (to contain) detailed information aboutthe coasts of western Europe.4) They found the natives _________ (to sleep) in _______ (to hang) beds called “hammorcas”.C)Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verb (Active or Passive) from the list:to findto set foot to proveto nameto sailto make(x2)to discoverto reachto becometo callto sightWho first crossed the Atlantic?When Columbus 1 _____ across the Atlantic in 1492, he believed he 2 __________ islands offJapan and China and 3 ______ them the “Indies”, the old European name for Asia. He diedbelieving he had been the first European 4 _______ a westerly route to Asia, not the first to reachAmerica.For many years, people believed Columbus was the first 5 _______ the voyage, in 1492, when he 6______ one of the islands of the present-day Bahamas, naming it San Salvador. However, there isevidence 7 _______ that the journey 8 __________ around 500 years earlier by the Vikings.
SettlerBjarni Herjolfsson is said to have sighted the coast of Labrador in 985, when drifting off course onroute to Greenland. Leif Erikson, another Viking, 9 ______ North America’s first recordedEuropean explorer when he 10 _________ on the east coast of North America 15 years later, in1000. Leif 11 ________ the land that he 12 _________ “Vinland”.VReading skillsA) Skim the text and decide on the most suitable title for it.When Columbus set sail across the Atlantic, he hoped to discover a new trade route to China andthe Spice Islands.
Instead he found the West Indies, islands inhabited by tribes with relativelyprimitive culture. These “Indians” had a few gold trinkets, but not much else of value.In the years after the historic voyages of Columbus a wave of Spanish explorers descendedon Central and South America. They were searching for treasure.In 1519, in the hope of establishing a trading colony on the mainland, Spain sent HernandoCortes to Veracruz, Mexico. Cortes was met by richly dressed “ambassadors” who gave himvaluable gifts of gold. However, not content with these, Cortes resolved to travel inland in search ofeven greater riches.
These he found when he reached the mighty Aztec Empire. After Cortes haddecided to invade the Aztec Empire with a force of just 508 soldiers and 100 sailors, he burned hisships so there was no turning back. His men would then see victory – or death. In little more thantwo years, he and his troops totally destroyed the Aztec Empire. A similar fate awaited the equallywealthy Inca Empire of Peru, South America, which another Spaniard – Francisco Pizarro –conquered in 1532. Consumed with the greed for gold, many Spaniards followed. Large areas wereexplored by these “conquistadors” (which means conquerors in Spanish) and several Spanishcolonies were established.
Within 50 years of the expedition by Columbus, the Americas wereunder European control.213B)In the text, find synonyms for the following words:satisfied (adj) → _____decided (v) → ____very strong and powerful (adj) → _______C)Put as many questions to the text as you can.VITranslate the text from Russian into English.arrived (v) → ________rich (adj) → ________Христофор Колумб отправился в плавание через Атлантику с целью открыть новыйторговый путь в Китай и «Острова Специй». Его экспедиция финансировалась испанскимимонархами.
В результате, там, где, по мнению Колумба, должен был находиться Китай,была открыта Америка. Колумб был произведен в адмиралы, и ему было пожалованодворянство. Он совершил 4 плавания в Новый Свет, но большая часть времени былапотрачена на исследование Вест-Индии (острова Карибского бассейна). Только в третьемплавании он достиг материковой части около Панамы в Центральной Америке.VII WritingGive a summary on the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus and Spanishcolonization of Central and South America (ca.100-130 words).VIIISpeakingA) Give a presentation on the topics: a) The Mayan civilization, b) Machu Picchu (the LostCity of the Incas), c) The Elizabethan Explorers.B)After the presentation, be ready to ask the speaker some questions.214Приложение 4Пример урока по работе с видеофильмом из модуля«История мореплавания»Module 1Unit 3The History of SeafaringChristopher Columbus and the New WorldVideo partPREVIEWINGI Speaking1) Travelling was established over land trade routes to the East long before Columbus was born.Why did new routs have to be found?2) Christopher Columbus was ready to sail to find a new sea route to India in 1480.
But one of thegreatest voyages in history began only in 1492. Can you guess what took him so long to set sail?II Reading. There are eight parts in the film. Match their names (1 – 8) with the paragraphs (A –H) taken from the script.1. Introduction2. Financing the trip3. Sailing west4. The New World5. Temptation of gold6. Second voyage7.
Going for broke8. The final voyageA____________________17 ships were loaded and minded quite a different thing – a permanent settlement. When theyreached Hispaniola they found that all the people in the fort were dead. The fort had beendestroyed. Columbus chose to establish a new colony, but it was badly sited and in an unhealthylocation and it would bring Columbus little but trouble.
If you are going to find gold you neededlabour. To turn to enslaving local population was an answer, so the colonists were openly at warwith the native people. Disappointed by the amount of gold that had so far been discoveredColumbus proposed instead to sell the natives as slaves. Queen Isabella was rather unhappy withthe idea of Indian enslavement and Columbus was made to take the Indian slaves back.B____________________Watched cautiously by a few natives Columbus and his men set up the standards of Castillo and ofthe expedition, knelt on the ground embracing it with tears of joy for the immeasurable mercy ofhaving reached it. By sign language the natives indicated that other islands lay to the west andColumbus put to sea once more kidnapping 6 inhabitants to act as guides.
He discovered numerousother islands finding upon them many exotic and new plants, fine trees and sweet potatoes. Butthere was no sign of what was increasingly becoming the object of the Spaniards’ chief desire –gold.C____________________One of the greatest voyages in history began on August 3rd 1492. Columbus was helped byfavorable winds and little flotilla made rapid progress. Columbus had sold to his crew the idea that215land would be found probably within about 15-20 days of sailing.
The actual voyage took 31 days.So after 15 days the men were beginning to grow anxious and after 20 days at sea moral among thecrew dipped further when the fleet encountered light winds and progress became painfully slow.The situation became bad enough for Columbus and his commanders to agree to turn back if noland was sighted within 3 or 4 days.D____________________Even Ferdinand and Isabella became disillusioned with the whole business of the new lands in theWest. And only the desire to prevent foreign powers from ripping any benefits from the islandcaused the Spanish monarchs to continue their backing of Columbus and in 1498 he was givenpermission to undertake a third voyage.
Columbus found Hispaniola in a state of ferment andrebellion. People felt that they’d been lured to the colonies on a promise of gold and when they gotthere all was hard labour, disease, near starvation. Columbus was imprisoned, charged withconcealing the gold and sent back to Spain in chains and in disgrace.E____________________A powerful chief in North Western Hispaniola (which is now the Dominican Republic and Haiti)invited Columbus to visit him enclosing as a gift a richly ornamented belt with a gold buckle. Thiswas a temptation impossible for Columbus to resist. But sadly for him disaster struck: the SantaMaria ran onto a reef and was wrecked.
With the increasing evidence that gold must be plentifulthere was no shortage of volunteers to man new settlement using timbers from the wrecked SantaMaria. On January 4th 1493 Columbus and the Nina set sail on the long voyage home.Columbus received a hero’s welcome and was granted all of the titles and privileges he haddemanded.F____________________In March 1502 he undertook another voyage of exploration on strict condition that he did not setfoot upon Hispaniola. His aim was to explore further to the North of the other world he haddiscovered.
At one point Columbus was to reach the Isthmus of Panama, a mere 12 miles from theGreat Pacific Ocean whose existence Columbus had never suspected. After being shipwrecked for ayear in Jamaica he returned to Spain in November 1504.G____________________Finding the resources for his journeys proved to be far more difficult than Columbus hadanticipated as wealthy monarch after wealthy monarch refused to patronize his voyage. The realdetermining fact which led Ferdinand and Isabella to support Columbus was the political situationin the Iberian Peninsula.
The Spanish were extremely jealous of the Portuguese who were mountinga series of voyages at this time and had been doing this since the beginning of the 15 th century.Ferdinand signed a contract agreeing to finance the mission in April 1492.H____________________The world in which medieval people had lived was small. It was the Mediterranean and the Northincluding England and Scandinavia.
In the 15th century almost everyone believed that their worldwas a sphere. The sphericity of the world is central in Columbus’s planning and in theory it wasalways possible to sail to the East using the western route across the ocean. But he was working ona completely wrong view of the size of the globe: he had it calculated as about one third smallerthan it is. He picked up from Marco Polo’s book that Japan was 15,000 miles off the cost of Asia.He was concerned the Atlantic was quite narrow and full of islands among which would be Japanand then quite soon he would come across the coast of China….IIIVocabularyA) Complete the information about Columbus’s fleet using the correct form of words in the box.216crossingreward of goldto refer toto maneuver caravel to recruit to captainsuitableplace of originabundance ofto provideTo command his ships Columbus 1________ the Pinson brothers who like many of hisbackers came from ship owning families.
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