Диссертация (1173136), страница 52
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29 October 2008. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режимдоступа:https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/a-glowing-green-nobel/3004465.article (дата обращения29.09.2018)192 Chang K. Three Chemists Win Nobel Prize. Science. October 8, 2008 [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/science/09nobel.html (последняя дата обращения 05.12.2017 г.)193Katharine Sanderson Green glow deciphered.
Published online 25 April 2009 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2009.401[Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090425/full/news.2009.401.html194 Chang K. Three Chemists Win Nobel Prize. Science. October 8, 2008 [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/science/09nobel.html (последняя дата обращения 05.12.2017 г.)195 Там же196 Там же197 Там же198 Lewis Brindley A glowing green Nobel. Chemistry World.
29 October 2008. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режимдоступа: https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/a-glowing-green-nobel/3004465.article (дата обращения 29.09.2018г.)199 Там же268professor, isolated a specific glowing protein in the Aequorea victoria, a jellyfish that inhabits coastalwaters of North America.5. Other scientists have obtained fluorescent proteins that emit various colors, enlisting similarproteins from corals to produce fluorescent reds.6. The multiple colors allow biologists to track different processes simultaneously.
In oneexperiment, the brain of a mouse emits various colors by tagging different nerve cells with differentfluorescent proteins.7. Shimomura was finally able to characterise the chemical structure of the GFP chromophore in1979 and lay the cornerstone for future discoveries.8. As Osamu Shimomura collected his one thousandth jellyfish of the day, on a hot summerafternoon in 1961, he had no idea that labor led him a Nobel prize. But Shimomura’s discovery ofgreen fluorescent protein (GFP) later that year set in motion a series of developments that changeradically the method we investigated cells.Ex.
13. Paraphrase the following sentences by eliminating redundant information.1. Many organisms fluoresce naturally, such as fireflies or tropical fish.2. The protein looked greenish under sunlight, yellowish under a light bulb and fluorescent greenunder ultraviolet light. Shimomura and Johnson called it the green protein, but how it is known asgreen fluorescent protein, or GFP for short200.3.
For many scientists, it was a surprise that inserting the GFP gene was all that needed; many hadthought that other jellyfish proteins would be needed to help GFP fold into its light-emitting shape201.4. Chalfie needed to find the gene responsible for making GFP, and it didn’t take long to findsomeone who was working on it - a biologist named Douglas Prasher at Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution in Massachusetts202.5. Chalfie found that GFP was unique - the protein itself was all that was needed to convertultraviolet light into a bright shade of green 203.6. On hearing Prasher’s results, Chalfie decided to instruct his graduate student, Ghia Euskirchen, tobegin work putting the GFP gene into the genetic code of E.
coli bacteria. Only one month laterEuskirchen succeeded - producing E. coli cells that glowed brightly despite having none of the otherjellyfish enzymes that were thought to be needed204.Ex. 13. Key:1. Many marine organisms fluoresce naturally.2. GFP isolated by Shimomura and Johnson could glow differently at various wavelengths.3. Many scientists were surprized that GFP was self-sufficient to be inserted into living organisms tomake them fluoresce.4. Chalfie needed to find the gene responsible for making GFP, and a biologist named DouglasPrasher who was working on it at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.5. Chalfie found that GFP was unique - the protein itself was all that was needed to convertultraviolet light into a bright shade of green.6.
On hearing of Prasher’s results, Chalfie decided to instruct his graduate student, Ghia Euskirchen,to begin work putting the GFP gene into the genetic code of E. coli bacteria. Only one month laterEuskirchen managed to produce them glowing brightly.б) Упражнения, целью которых является осуществление операции объединенияChang K. Three Chemists Win Nobel Prize. Science. October 8, 2008 [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/science/09nobel.html (последняя дата обращения 05.12.2017 г.)201Там же202Lewis Brindley A glowing green Nobel. Chemistry World.
29 October 2008. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режимдоступа: https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/a-glowing-green-nobel/3004465.article203Там же204Там же200269отдельных элементов текста (языковая трансформация):Ex. 14. Read the extracts from the lecture by a Nobel Laureate, Osamu Shimomura andunderline linkining words that help to connect different parts of the text.a) At the time, it was a common belief that the light of all bioluminescent organisms was producedby the reaction of luciferin and luciferase. Therefore, we tried to extract luciferin and luciferase fromthe rings of the jellyfish.
We tried every method we could think of, but all our efforts failed. Afteronly a few days of work, we ran out of ideas.I was convinced that the cause of our failure was the luciferin-luciferase hypothesis that dominatedour mind. I suggested to Dr. Johnson that we forget the idea of extracting luciferin and luciferaseand, instead, try to extract a luminescent substance whatever it might be.However, I was unable to convince him.
Because of the disagreement on experimental method, Istarted to work alone at one side of a table, while, on the other side, Dr. Johnson and his assistantcontinued their efforts to extract a luciferin. It was an awkward, uncomfortable situation 205.b) But a big surprise came the next moment. When I threw the extract into a sink, the inside of thesink lit up with a bright blue flash. The overflow of an aquarium was flowing into the sink, so Ifigured out that seawater had caused the luminescence.
Because the composition of seawater isknown, I easily found out that Ca2+ activated the luminescence. The discovery of Ca2+ as theactivator suggested that the luminescence material could be extracted utilizing the Ca-chelatorEDTA, and we devised an extraction method of the luminescent substance206.c) When I found the chromophore of GFP in 1979, I thought I had done all I could do with GFP, anddecided to terminate my work on GFP in order to concentrate my efforts in the study ofbioluminescence, my lifework.
Then a mysterious thing happened. The population of Aequorea inthe Friday Harbor area drastically decreased after 1990, thus making it practically impossible toprepare any new samples of natural aequorin or GFP. Fortunately, however, aequorin had beencloned by Inouye et al. (1985; 1986) and Prasher et al. (1985), and GFP was cloned by Prasher et al.(1992), thus making the natural proteins unessential. In 1994, GFP was successfully expressed inliving organisms by Chalfie et al., and it was further developed into its present prosperous state byRoger Tsien207.Ex.
14. Key: a) at the time, therefore, after only a few days of work, however; b) but, so,because, and; c) in order to, then, thus, fortunately, however, and, and.Ex. 15. Read the extract from the lecture by a Nobel Laureate, Roger Tcien and theextract from the article208, find sentences with one and the same predicate and the sentenceswith a substitute word and make the extracts shorter:a) Since we don't even know why it wants to glow, and if it does want to glow why it doessometimes want to glow green, then I cannot answer the question. I'm certainly not going to answerthe question of why it doesn't always want to glow green209.Nobel Lecture by Osamu Shimomura. Discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein.
[Электронный ресурс]. – Режимдоступа:http://nslc.wustl.edu/courses/Bio1810/readings/Nobel%20shimomura_lecture.pdf (последняя дата обращения05.12.2017 г.)206Там же207Там же208Green-glowing cats and jellyfish. SNOMNH Recent Invertebrates. Wednesday, January 11, 2012. [Электронныйресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://snomnh-ri.blogspot.ru/2012/01/green-glowing-cats-and-jellyfish.html209Там же205270b) It was until the early 1990’s that the jellyfish was investigated at the level of its DNA to see howexactly it produced the protein. It was in 1992 that the gene of GFP was discovered by acollaboration of Dr. Martin Chalfie and Dr.
Roger Tcien. Nitially the importance of this discoverywas not realized. Yet in 2008, the latter two scientists and Dr. Shimomura were awarded Nobel Pricefor their discovery210.Ex. 16. Read the extract and underline key words that express truthfulness of information.Prasher was the first to envisage how GFP might function as a fluorescent tag. Prasher reasoned thatGFP would be perfect for tracking living cells. By 1992, he had isolated the GFP gene and publisheda paper detailing the sequence of the 238 amino acids that make up the protein211.Ex. 17.
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