Диссертация (1173136), страница 51
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Match the chemical terms in column A with those having narrower meaning.AB1) proteina) tyrosine2) aminoacidb) imidazole3) catalystc) chromopore4) transparent roundwormd) Caenorhabditis elegansEx.4. Key: 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – b, 4 – d.Ex.5. Read the following phrases and change the underlined words to their synonymsgiven in the box.Under low-oxygen condition, tracer, fusing, the functioning, self-sufficient, consistently1.
Without oxygen (a) chromophore can’t become fluorescent and even it doesn’t absorblight.2. The fluorescent proteins are now routinely (b) used to observe the growth and fate (c) ofspecific cells.3. Dr. Chalfie thought that the fluorescent protein could be made to serve as a biologicalmarker (d) by splicing (e) the gene that makes the protein into an organism’s DNA next to a gene265switch or another gene.4. For many scientists, it was a surprise that inserting the GFP gene was all that needed (f);many had thought that other jellyfish proteins would be needed to help GFP fold into its lightemitting shape186.Ex.
5. Key: a) Under low-oxygen condition; b) consistently, c) the functioning; d) tracer; e)fusing; f) sel-sufficient.Ex. 6. Match chemical terms in column A with their definitions in column B:A1) electron transferBa) a biomolecule that consists of 238 amino acid residues that glowsgreen when exposed to UV light;2) co-factorb) a process by which an electron moves from one atom to another;3) chromoporec) organic or inorganic compounds needed for an enzyme to function;4) a green fluorescent d) the part of a molecule responsible for its color.protein5) genee) a sequence of DNA or RNA that determines heredity.Ex. 6.
Key: 1 – b, 2 - c, 3 – d, 4 – a, 5 - e.Ex. 7. Match phrasal verbs used in chemistry in column A with their meanings incolumn B:AB1) to pull offa) to detach smth2) to curl upb) to take smth from smth; to forcibly remove something from smth3) to split outc) to roll smth up into a coil4) to trickle outd) to move slowly and graduallyEx. 7. Key: 1 – b, 2 - c, 3 – a, 4 – d.Ex.
8. Find chemical term in the list to each definition given below.The list of chemical terms: reduction, dehydration, oxidation.1. A chemical reaction to remove a water molecule from a compound.2. The loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by an atom.3. The gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by an atom or ion.Ex. 8. Key: 1 – dehydration, 2 – oxidation, 3 – reduction.Ex. 9. Find synonyms to the following words.
The list of synonyms is given in the box.free, unequaled, unimpeded, unique, unobstructed, never-before-seen, unheard-of, basis, tartingpoint, cornerstone, unexampleda) unencumbered (hydrogen atom) ……………………………………………………………186Chang K. Three Chemists Win Nobel Prize. Science. October 8, 2008 [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/09/science/09nobel.html (последняя дата обращения 05.12.2017 г.)266b) unprecedented (reaction) …………………………………………………………………….c) groundwork………………………………………………………………………………..Ex. 9. Key: a) unencumbered – free, unimpeded, unobstructed; b) unprecedented – unequaled,unique, never-before-seen, unheard-of, unexampled; с) basis, tarting point, cornerstone.Ex.
10. Read the definitions of chemical terms, complete the sentences with chemical terms inthe box.bioluminescence, fluorescence, cloning, molecular cloning,chromophore, gene cloning (2)1. _________ (1) is emission of light in total darkness, through a chemical reaction.2. __________ (2) is re-emission of light at a different wavelength.3. _________ (3) involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells withidentical DNA molecules.4. _________ (4) generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is thesource of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication ofthe recombinant DNA.5. __________ (5) is the process in which a gene of interest is located and copied (cloned) out ofDNA extracted from an organism.
__________ (6) is used by researchers to create copies of aparticular gene for target applications, such as sequencing, mutagenesis and genotyping.6. __________ (7) is the part of a molecule responsible for its color.Ex. 10. Key: 1 bioluminescence, 2 fluorescence, 3 cloning, 4 molecular cloning, 5 gene cloning, 6gene cloning, 7 chromophore.Ex. 11. Read the sentences and change the underlined words to converse termes given inbrackets.1. Roger Tsien contributed to our general understanding of how GFP fluoresces green. (toglow green)1872. GFP emits green fluorescence when exposed to UV light.
(to glow bright green)3. When exposed to blue or ultraviolet (UV) light, certain species of jellyfish emit green lightproduced by GFP that encodes a bioluminescent protein. (to emit a green glow)4. By using DNA technology, researchers can now connect GFP to other proteins. Thisglowing marker allows them to watch the movements, positions and interactions of the taggedproteins. (tracer)1885. Prasher was the first to envisage how GFP might function as a fluorescent tag. (marker) 1896. The fluorescent protein can serve as a biological marker by splicing the gene that makesthe protein into an organism’s DNA next to a gene switch or another gene (to connect).190Press Release [Электронный ресурс].
– Режим доступа: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2008/pressrelease/(дата обращения 29.09.2018)188Там же189Prasher D. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFPww/prasher.html190Unravelling Molecular Mechanisms. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:https://books.google.ru/books?id=Cx1bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA393&lpg=PA393&dq=The+fluorescent+protein+can+serve+as+a+biological+marker+by+splicing+the+gene+that+makes+the+protein+into+an+organism’s+DNA+next+to+a+gene+switch+or+another+gene&source=bl&ots=NqJYxl_lHs&sig=9xqyQws6tPSaHRHO0lvLyJbzFTs&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy_ip5ODdAhVytIsKHRH3C90Q6AEwAXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=The%20fluorescent%20protein%20can%20serve1872677.
From this great collection, Shimomura was finally able to characterise the chemicalstructure of the GFP chromophore in 1979 and lay the groundwork for future discoveries (thecornerstone)191.б) Примеры упражнений, целью которых является осуществление операцииперефразирования:Ex. 12. Read the following phrases and change the underlined colloquial and idiomaticexpressions to those belonging to the literary style.1. Three scientists Osamu Shimomura, Roger Tsien and Martin Chalfie were awarded theNobel Prize in Chemistry for taking the ability of some jellyfish to glow and transforming it into aubiquitous tool of molecular biology for watching the dance of living cells and the proteins withinthem192.2.
GFP's natural function has remained a mystery193.3. The green fluorescent protein consists of a chain of 238 amino acids bent into a beer canlike cylindrical shape194.4. In 1962, Shimomura, then a researcher at Princeton, and Frank Johnson, a Princetonbiology professor, isolated a specific glowing protein in the Aequorea victoria, a jellyfish that driftsin the ocean currents off the west coast of North America 195.5. Other scientists have expanded the palette, enlisting similar proteins from corals to producefluorescent reds196.6. The multiple colors allow biologists to track different processes simultaneously. In oneexperiment, the brain of a mouse was transformed into a kaleidoscope of color by tagging differentnerve cells with different fluorescent proteins197.7.
Shimomura was finally able to characterise the chemical structure of the GFP chromophorein 1979 and lay the groundwork for future discoveries198.8. As Osamu Shimomura collected his one thousandth jellyfish of the day, on a hot summerafternoon in 1961, he had no idea that the painstaking work would eventually net him a Nobel prize.But Shimomura’s discovery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) later that year set in motion a seriesof developments that revolutionised the way we look inside cells199.Key:Ex. 12. 1. Three scientists Osamu Shimomura, Roger Tsien and Martin Chalfie were awarded theNobel Prize in Chemistry for their work devoted to some jelifish that can glow and used this propertyas a biological tool to track (watch the movement of) other proteins within cells.2. GFP's natural function has remained unsolved.3.
The green fluorescent protein consists of a chain of 238 amino acids bent circularly.4. In 1962, Shimomura, then a researcher at Princeton, and Frank Johnson, a Princeton biology%20as%20a%20biological%20marker%20by%20splicing%20the%20gene%20that%20makes%20the%20protein%20into%20an%20organism’s%20DNA%20next%20to%20a%20gene%20switch%20or%20another%20gene&f=false191Lewis Brindley A glowing green Nobel. Chemistry World.
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