Диссертация (1146783), страница 36
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You are OK.Strategy of Argumentation: collaboratingParticipants: Boss, workerB.: There are data we expected to get. I had marked that should be corrected. Please, controlthe process and report about its completion.W.: OK. I'll do it.Sample 2:Situation: Individual ConsultingTechnique: Role PlayProblem: Relationships at workWays of solving the problem: transactional analysisPosition: I am not OK.
You are OK.Strategy of Argumentation: Avoiding227Participants: Two colleagues. One of them is a person who enjoys discussing private livesof others. The other doesn’t want to continue the conversation.A. (Your colleague is going to discuss her private life with you. She has many problems. Sheis unpleased. She wants to know your opinion but does not want to follow your advice.Before she comes nearer you tell her something). Have you heard that Bill’s daughter isgoing to have a baby? She is so young, only sixteen.B: Sorry, Edna.
I must go right now. / I see, affairs are bad. But I have no time. I must go tothe library to check my report. I hope everything ‘ll be OK.Sample 3:Situation: Individual ConsultingTechnique: Role PlayProblem: Relationships at workWays of solving the problem: transactional analysisPosition: I am OK. You are not OK.Strategy of Argumentation: avoidingParticipants: Boss, workerW.: Mr Brown, I forgot to tape the report you gave me a week ago. I don’t know what to do.B.: You can do whatever you want, but I need the report by 4 o’clock.I don’t want to discuss it. Come back with the tipped report. / It’s your job not mine.
I’mbusy now. Go and think how to do the work properly.Sample 4:Situation: Individual ConsultingTechnique: Role PlayProblem: Relationships at workWays of solving the problem: transactional analysisPosition: I am not OK. You are not OK.Strategy of Argumentation: AccommodatingParticipants: Two colleagues.A: I have spelt my coffee on your table. There was your report on the table. I’m sosorry! What can I do to fix the situation?B: Nothing can be done.
Wait till I complete my chart and we’ll see how to solve theproblem.Part 4. Self-studying part1.4 Read about the OK CORRAL: Grid for What’s Happening by Franklin H. Ernst Jr.,M.D. Discuss the information in the groups of three.Reference: Man is repeatedly evaluating himself as to the value of himself to himself andalso to his companion; as to the value of his companionship for himself and for hiscompanion.
It has been found there are four major classes of outcomes which result fromsocial encounters. The four classes of outcomes are called Get-On-With (GOW), Get-Rid-Of228(GRO), Get-Away-From (GAF), Get-Nowhere-With (GNW) and described by the “OKCorral: Grid for What’s Happening”:Social Orientation: GET-AWAYFROMPersonal Experience: “I’m not-OK andYou are OK”Game Pay-off: e.g. EmbarrassedActivity: e.g.
Truancy, RunawayPhrases: e.g. “I guess”, “I don’t know”Social Process: DevolutionSocial Orientation: GET-NOWHEREWITHPersonal Experience: “I’m not-OK andYou are not-OK”Game Pay-off: e.g. HumiliatedActivity: e.g. IndigentPhrases: e.g. “Why bother?”, “I’m notsure”Social Process: Obvolution.Social Orientation: GET-ON-WITHPersonal Experience: “I’m OK andYou are OK”Game Pay-off: e.g. JoyfulActivity: e.g. Winner, Be the BestPhrases: e.g. “Thank you”, “I likeyou”, “win-win”Social Process: EvolutionSocial Orientation: GET-RID-OFPersonal Experience: “I’m OK andYou not-OK”Game Pay-off: e.g. Furious, Burned UpActivity: e.g. CrusaderPhrases: e.g. “But anyway”, “I don’tcare”Social Process: Revolution2.4 Think about the argumentative strategies people may use in each situation.
Whichphrases can you use for collaborating, avoiding, accommodating? In which cases areagreement, concession or objection required? Which phrases can be used to realise thesestrategies? Find the information using the Internet. Discuss it with other students.3.4 Work in groups of three. Think of an example of GET-AWAY-FROM situation.Roleplay it with your partner. The third student will write down all the phrases connectedwith the strategies.4.4 Work in groups of three. Think of an example of GET-ON-WITH situation. Roleplay itwith your partner.
The third student will write down all the phrases connected with thestrategies.5.4 Work in groups of three. Think of an example of GET-NOWHERE-WITH situation.Roleplay it with your partner. The third student will write down all the phrases connectedwith the strategies.6.4 Work in groups of three. Think of an example of GET-RID-OF situation. Roleplay itwith your partner. The third student will write down all the phrases connected with thestrategies.Part 5.1.5 Roleplay using the strategies:Task 1Situation GET-ON-WITHStrategy: Collaborating229Description: Your boss wants you to go to the conference next month.
Think the idea overand give your opinion.Task 2Situation GET-AWAY-FROMStrategy: AvoidingDescription: During the party your colleague intends to discuss her article. The article hasalready been published and cannot be changed. You know that some of the ideas in thearticle is not fully supported by the data and do not want to embarrass your colleague. Whatis your reaction?Task 3Situation: GET-RID-OFStrategy: AvoidingDescription: You are the boss. An employee asks you if s/he can take a day off. There is a lotof work at the office. What is your reaction?Task 4:Situation: GET-NOWHERE-WITHStrategy: AccommodatingDescription: You are told to supervise your new colleague's work.
You don't have time todo it but you promised your boss you would.2.5 Think up your own situations at work, when it is necessary to use collaborating,avoiding or accommodating strategies. Discuss the plot, the members, the time, thedevelopment and the ending, the setting. Roleplay the situations with your classmates.Part 6. Reflective practice1.6 Find the examples of Toulmin arguments in the Internet. Copy them and mark their parts,using abbreviations: Claim (C), Data (D), Warrant (W), Ground (G), Backing (B), Qualifier(Q), Rebuttal (R).
E-mail seven examples of the arguments to your teacher.List of definitions might be helpful:Claim is the assertion the speaker isadvocated.Data consists of the evidence and other reasons given to support the claim.Warrant is the reasoning process used to connect the data and the claim.Ground are the facts on which the argument is based.Backing gives additional support (evidence) to the warrant.Qualifier determines the strength of the argument.230Rebuttal is a specific circumstance when the warrant does not support the claim.2.6 Call to your colleague-psychologist using Viber and read him /her the examples from ex.1.6, you have found in the Internet.
Ask him/her to identify the parts of the arguments.3.6 Write down your own statements using Toulmin Model 1.Model 1.Data (D)=>It is raining outside.Claim (C )I should wear my jacket.|Because Warrant(W)When it is rains I should protect myself by wearing a jacket4.6 While developing the argument, the speaker may reason by: generalization, authority,cause, analogy or sign. These facilities help to establish the relationship between the claimand the evidence.Which of the arguments are based on: generalization, authority, cause, analogy or sign?1. Argument based on _ _ _A very common form of reasoning.
It assumes that what is true of a well chosen sample islikely to be true for a larger group or population, or that certain things consistent with thesample can be inferred of the group/population.2. Argument based on _ _ _An analogy is a comparison between two objects, or systems of objects, that highlightsrespects in which they are thought to be similar. What is important here is the extent to whichrelevant similarities can be established between two contexts. Are there sufficient, typical,accurate, relevant similarities?3. Argument via _ _ _The notion that certain types of evidence are symptomatic of some wider principle oroutcome. Argument by sign is using telltale signs, such as clouds to tell when weather iscoming, frowning faces to tell when someone is sad, and so on.
Although a lot of times thesesigns can be a great indicator of what is going on around you, not always does it mean whatyou think it is going to. Quite often one sign may lead to different conclusions depending onthe situation.For example, smoke is often considered a sign for fire. Some people think high SAT scoresare a sign a person is smart and will do well in college.2314. Argument_ _ _Arguing that a given occurrence or event is the result of, or is effected by, factor X. Causalreasoning is the most complex of the different forms of warrant. Arguments by cause is usinglooking at the effects of something, and trying to justify a cause. This can be the mostdifficult argument to use, because many times there are many causes to just one effect.There is also a lot of room for open argument in these cases, and can make it quite difficult tokeep your point of view throughout.5.
Argument from _ _ _Does person X or text X constitute an authoritative source on the issue in question?What political, ideological or economic interests does the authority have? Is this thesort of issue in which a significant number of authorities are likely to agreeon? Argument by authority assertion is when you hear something you believe is from acredible source, and you believe it yourself.
A lot of false information can be passedaround by this type of argument, and in the end you could be humiliated for arguing sostrongly against a false fact.5.6 Answers: 1- Generalization, 2- Analogy, 3- Sign/Clue, 4 – Causal, 5- Authority7.6 Match the forms of reasoning with the examples:generalizationStudents are like worker bees because they areconstantly studying and doing work for theirclassesauthorityWhen the fire alarm is going off in the kitchen,something is burning.CauseMy dad is too strict. All parents try to make lifedifficult for their childrenanalogysThe girls all got food poisoning when they wereat the restaurant. They all ordered differententrees but had the same appetizer so theythave gotten sick from the appetizer.SignThe church says the Earth is flat, therefor theEarth is flat.Answers: 1- Analogy, 2- Sign, 3- Generalization, 4 – Cause, 5- Authority2326.6 Read and analyze the example of casual argumentation.Congress should ban animal research (Claim1) because animals are tortured inexperiments that have no necessary benefit for humans such as the testing ofcosmetics (Data).
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