Диссертация (1146783), страница 37
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The well being of animals is more important than the profits ofthe cosmetics industry (Warrant). Only congress has the authority to make such alaw (Warrant) because the corporations can simply move from state to state toavoid legal penalties (Backing). Of course, this ban should not apply to medicalresearch (Qualifier). A law to ban all research would go too far (Rebuttal). So, thelaw would probably (qualifier) have to be carefully written to define the kinds ofresearch intended (claim 2).http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/toulmin.pdf7.6 Develop the casual argumentation on the topic: “Eating a lot of sweets isunhealthy”. Use the text from the previous exercise as an example.8.6 Task: Look at the diagram below and make up your own statement usinggeneralization. Transform it for Authority, Cause, Analogy and Sign.
Use differentqualifiers. There is an example given.GeneralizationGround--------------------------------- ClaimTeachers are professionalsTeachers should not use profane language||WarrantQualifierProfessionals don't use profane languageCertainly||BackingRebuttalOther professionals don't use profaneUnless experiencing an extremelanguage.situation.Example: "Smoking in Public Places Should be Banned"You should stop smoking [Claim] because studies show that almost [Qualifier] 80%of smokers can develop lung cancer [Data/Ground].
Stopping a bad habit can helpreduce the occurence of its bad consequences [Warrant, *can be stated or leftunstated]. Life expectancy is lengthened if habits bad to one's health arestopped [Backing Statement]. Although it is not always the case that people whosmoke will suffer from lung cancer, the risks are higher for those who smokeroutinely [Rebuttal].http://tipsforresearchpapersandessays.blogspot.ru/2008/11/what-is-toulmin-argument.html9.6 Look at the scheme. Use these words in your argumentative speech: many, manytimes, sometimes, seldom, a little, probably, possibly instead of everybody, allpeople, everyone, absolutely, nobody, never.Develop the arguments with these words.233Qualifiers (Q)UncertainityAbsolute Certainity_________________________________________________________________Unlikely Possibly LikelyProbably10.6 You are going to take a part in the roleplay.
The topic is: “Applying for a job”.You are seeking for a job as a psychologist at school after graduating the University.There are other three candidates applying for the vacancy. You are going to get acollective job interview with the headmaster.Create profile cards for you and other candidates. The cards should include age,gender, working experience, hobbies and professional skills of each person. Thinkabout the questions for the job interview the headmaster may ask.Think about the way to persuade the headmaster that you are the best candidate forthe position.
Use a competitive strategy and models of argumentation in yourspeech. Be ready to use the cards of your classmates and play the roles of peopledescribed or the role of the headmaster.Be ready to discuss your successes and failures with your classmates after theinterview.Think about:1. Was the competitive strategy the right choice? Which other strategies may havebeen more effective?2. Were you nervous when speaking with your opponents? Your boss?3. How many arguments did you use during the interview?4.
Did you get the desired result? Why?/Why not?5. Did you take an active part in the conversation? Did you lead or were you led?6. Give the feedback and share your feelings with your classmates.Приложение 5.Заданиядляконстатирующегосрезанаопределениесформированности аргументативных стратегий и тактик1. ListeningYou are going to listen to the text about food.Write the summary of this text.Remember to:- list the main ideas-write the arguments supporting the main ideas-provide the data necessary-write a conclusionуровня234You will hear the recording twice.2.
ReadingRead the text about Anna Freud1.Anna Freud was not primarily a theoretician. Her interests were more practical,and most of her energies were devoted to the analysis of children and adolescentsand to improving that analysis. Her father, after all, had focused entirely on adultpatients. Although he wrote a great deal about development, it was from theperspectives of these adults. What do you do with the child, for whom familycrises and traumas and fixations are present events, not dim recollections?2.First, the relationship of the child to the therapist is different. The child’s parentsare still very much part of his or her life, a part the therapist cannot and shouldnot try to usurp.
But neither can the therapist pretend to be just another childrather than an authority figure. Anna Freud found that the best way to deal withthis "transference problem" was the way that came most naturally: be a caringadult, not a new playmate, not a substitute parent. Her approach seemsauthoritarian by the standards of many modern child therapies, but it might makemore sense.3.Another problem with analyzing children is that their symbolic abilities are not asadvanced as those of adults. The younger ones, certainly, may have troublerelating their emotional difficulties verbally.
Even older children are less likelythan adults to bury their problems under complex symbols. After all, the child'sproblems are here-and-now; there hasn't been much time to build up defenses. Sothe problems are close to the surface and tend to be expressed in more direct, lesssymbolic, behavioral and emotional terms.4.Most of her contributions to the study of personality come out of her work at theHamstead Child Therapy Clinic in London, which she helped to set up. Here, shefound that one of the biggest problems was communication among therapists.Whereas adult problems were communicated by means of traditional labels,children's problems could not be.5.Because children’s problems are more immediate, she reconceptualized them interms of the child’s movement along a developmental time-line.
A child keepingpace with most of his or her peers in terms of eating behaviors, personal hygiene,play styles, relationships with other children, and so on, could be consideredhealthy. When one aspect or another of a child's development seriously laggedbehind the rest, the clinician could assume that there was a problem, and couldcommunicate the problem by describing the particular lag.235Choose the correct main idea for each paragraph from the list below. Writethe correct paragraph number (1-5) next to the appropriate headings. Thereis one extra heading.A) A child development is healthy if he/she behaves like the majority of thechildren of his/her age.
________B) The psychoanalyst should be considered by the child as a dominating butsympathetic figure. ________C) Anna Freud filled the gaps in the theory, that weren’t developed by thefather of psychoanalysis. ________D) Children usually find other ways of responding to the problem apart fromspeaking. ________E) Anna Freud was involved into the analysis of children’s problems like herfather was.
________F) Interaction between colleagues was complicated due to the lack ofterminology. _______3. Read the text.Why People Should Not Watch Too Much TelevisionWatching television is an experience shared by most adults and children. It ischeap, appealing, and within the reach of the general public. In this way, TV hasbecome an important mass media around the world. Sadly, this resource isn’t usedin a way that people could get the best possible benefits from it. The purpose ofthis essay is to persuade the reader that people shouldn’t watch too muchtelevision because the content of many TV programs is not educational; it makespeople waste time that could be used in more beneficial activities; and itnegatively affects people’s mental development.The first reason why people shouldn’t watch too much television is becausethe content of many TV programs is not educational.
Nowadays, we can seemovies, series, and shows that present scenes of violence, sex, and drugs. Thishas established wrong concepts among the audience that influence them intohaving a negative behavior. Moreover, the impact this tendency has on children isworse because they grow up with the idea of a world where women must beslender and blonde to stand out, where problems can only be solved with moneyand violence, and where wars are inevitable.The second reason why people shouldn’t watch too much television is becauseit makes people waste time that could be used in more beneficial activities. Thetime we spend watching TV could be applied to useful activities like exercise,reading, interacting with friends and family, activities that are crucial for ahealthy lifestyle.236The third reason why people shouldn’t watch too much television is because itnegatively affects people’s mental development.
According to several scientificstudies, watching TV for prolonged periods of time has a negative effect over theintellectual development of children and leads to deterioration of the mentalcapacity in older people by causing both attention and memory problems in thelong term.In conclusion, people shouldn’t watch too much television because the contentof many TV programs is not educational; it makes people waste time that couldbe used in more beneficial activities; and it affects people’s mental development.However, this doesn’t mean that we should ban TV, but if we are going to watchit, we should do it with moderation. Television is a resource that we should learnto use through the right selection of programs by taking an active and criticalattitude towards it.(http://www.eslbee.com/why_people_should_not_watch_too_much_television.htm)- Find and underline claims (----).- Circle linking words.- Mark the facts (F) and the assessment of the author (A).4) Complete the text with the words below.defensestraumashigieneabilitiestransference problemssymbolic abilitiesfamily crisessubstitute parentfixationsparticular lag?peershere-and-now1.
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