Диссертация (1146783), страница 39
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In conflict with their parents,241adolescents are more flexible than younger children, but more hostile and rigidcompared to adults. The topics of conflicts between adolescents and their parentsare often about the extent to which parents can control and supervise theadolescent, for instance conflicts about chores, schoolwork, curfew, and theadolescent's right to privacy.For the first time in their lives adolescents may start to view their friends, theirpeer group, as more important and influential than their parents or guardians.
Peergroups offer its members the opportunity to develop various social skills, such asempathy, sharing and leadership. Peer groups can have positive influences on anindividual, for instance on academic motivation and performance, but they canalso have negative influences and lead to an increase in experimentation withdrugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing.In the search for a unique social identity for themselves, adolescents arefrequently confused about what is 'right' and what is 'wrong.' G. Stanley Halldenoted this period as one of "Storm and Stress" and, according to him, conflictat this developmental stage is normal and not unusual.Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describesadolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start takingmore of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease.
This allows theindividual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination ofbehavioural and FMRI studies have demonstrated development of executivefunctions, that is, cognitive skills that enable control and coordination of thoughtsand behaviour, which are generally associated with prefrontal cortex. Thethoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influenceone's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation.Adolescent psychology is associated with notable changes in moodsometimes known as mood swings.
Positive psychology is sometimes brought upwhen addressing adolescent psychology as well. This approach towardsadolescents refers to providing them with motivation to become sociallyacceptable and notable individuals, since many adolescents find themselvesbored, indecisive and/or unmotivated. Struggles with adolescent identity anddepression usually set in when an adolescent experiences a loss. The mostimportant loss in their lives is the changing relationship between the adolescentand their parents.
Adolescents may also experience strife in their relationshipswith friends. This may be due to the activities their friends take part in, such assmoking, which causes adolescents to feel as though participating in suchactivities themselves is likely essential to maintaining these friendships. Teendepression can be extremely intense at times because of physical and hormonalchanges but emotional instability is part of adolescence. Their changing mind,body and relationships often present themselves as stressful and that change, theyassume, is something to be feared. Sleep deprivation has also been linked toadolescent depression, particularly in the teen years.- Find and underline claims (----)- Circle linking words242- Mark the facts (F) and assessment of the author (A).4.
Complete the text with the words bellowstaminapervertaccomplishmentstrengthabnormal behaviourunconscious forcesconsciously awarefeeling of inferioritymental handicaporganic weaknessdeficient function1)The term … refers to a group of representations and feelings that reflect anindividual’s self – devaluation in relation to others.2) Some authorities maintain that … and defects of certain parts and organsmay be transmitted to the offspring.3) The.
… … of the sacroplasmic reticulum in patients is susceptible tomalignant hyperthermia.4) Impairment of brain development leads to … … or mental retardation.5) Quite often a person may enter into an episode of anxiety and stress withoutbeing … … of it.6) After the accomplishment of a challenging task, we need some time to relaxand to change ideas.7) … … often disregards social norms.8) Here are some exercises to perform for … and ….9) … … are those which are working without our control.10) … - to cause to turn away from what is right, proper, or good.5. Writing.You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:To be a little kid is easier than to be an adolescent.Use the outline:1) Introduction: problem 2) Advantages 3) Disadvantages 4) ConclusionGive reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your ownknowledge.Write at least 250 words.2436.
Poleplay different situations using the strategies you know: collaborating,avoiding, competing, compromising, accommodating. Remember to:-express your point of view-use phrases appropriate for each strategy-use agreements, concessions or objections when necessarySituation 1: You are a parent.
It is important to move your child to a differentschool, but you don't think s/he should do it this year. Another parent doesn’tagree with you.Technique: Role PlayProblem: family relationshipsStrategy of Argumentation:1 - avoiding2 - accommodating3 - compromisingParticipants: parentsSituation 2: You think you can allow your 12 year old children to beginworking. Another parent doesn’t agree with you.Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsStrategy of Argumentation:1 - collaborating2-competingParticipants: parent, child7. Poleplay the situations using different tactics you know.Situation 1: You are a student.
You are going to tell your parents that you wantto drop out of the University and get job.Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsTactics of Argumentation:1– avoiding decision-making, withdrawing/sidestepping ;2 – digressing, change of the topic;3 – excessive concretization, asking questions at every point of the claimdiscussed4 – disguising disagreement when not being persuadedParticipants: parent, student244Situation 2: You are a parent. Your child's teacher told you that other teenagerhave been bullying your child.Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsTactics of Argumentation:Tactics of Argumentation:1 – attacking, hidden threats2 – the tactic of mutual concessions, step-by-step motivating and promising3– partial agreement4 – supporting and elaborating on the opponent’s ideasParticipants: parent, teacherSituation 3: You are a student and you are very passionate about studying.
Yourparent tells you that you must leave the University and get job.Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsTactics of Argumentation:1 – partnership2 – empathy3 – echo-responding4 – finding minor inconsistencies in the opinions of opponents so that to avoidany conflicts and share the point of viewParticipants: parent, childПриложение 7. Задания для итогового среза на определение уровнясформированности аргументативных стратегий и тактик1.
ListeningYou are going to listen to the text about individual voices.Write the summary of this text.Remember to:- list the main ideas-write the arguments supporting the main ideas-provide the data necessary-write a conclusionYou will hear the recording twice.2.ReadingRead the text about behavior modification programs.1)Skinner’s society based on positive reinforcement exists only in fictionalterms, but the control or modification of human behavior, individually and insmall groups, is widespread.
Behavior modification through positive245reinforcement is a frequently used clinical application in mental hospitals,factories, prisons, and schools to change undesirable behaviors to moreacceptable ones. Behavior modification works with people the same way operantconditioning works to change the behavior of rats and pigeons, that is, byreinforcing the desired behavior and not reinforcing undesired behavior.Think of the child who throws temper tantrums to get food or attention.When parents give in to the child's demands, they are rеinforcing unpleasantbehavior.
In a behavior modification situation behavior such as kicking andscreaming would never be reinforced. Only more socially acceptable behaviorswould be reinforced. After a time the child's behavior will change, because thetantrums no longer work to bring rewards, whereas nicer behaviors will.2)3)Operant conditioning and reinforcement have been applied in theworkplace, where behavior modification programs have been used to reduceabsenteeism, improve job performance, promote safe work practices, and teachjob skills. Behavior modification has also been successful in altering the behaviorof patients in mental hospitals. By rewarding patients for appropriate behaviorwith tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges, and by not reinforcingnegative or disruptive behaviors, positive behavioral changes can be induced.Unlike traditional clinical techniques, the behavioral psychologist here is notconcerned about whatever might be going on in the patient's mind, any more thanthe experimenter is concerned with any mental activities of the rat in the Skinnerbox.
The focus is exclusively on overt behavior and positive reinforcement.Research has shown that behavior modification programs are usuallysuccessful only within the organization or institution in which they are carriedout. The effects rarely transfer to outside situations because the program ofreinforcement would have to be continued, even intermittently, for the desiredbehavior changes to persist. For patients, this can be done if caregivers in thehome, for example, are trained to reinforce desirable behaviors with smiles,4)praise, or оther signs of affection and approval.5) Punishment is not part of a behavior modification program. According toSkinner, people should not be punished for failing to behave in desirable ways.Instead, they are to be reinforced or rewarded when their behavior changes inpositive ways.
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