Диссертация (1146783), страница 38
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Do you agree that …,… and … are force major circumstances for a child todevelop a positive healthy personality?2. If the child experienced abusive treatment from his/her parents, he/she couldhave … … being an adult and interacting the other people.3. Clinicians are concerned about the problem of becoming a … … for a child.4. A … … in child development can be elicited by comparing the child withhis/her … in terms of eating behaviour, personal …, play styles, and relationshipswith other children.5. An analyst cannot deal with … … of a child because they are not as developedas those of adults.6. A child’s problems are … and it’s a goal of an analyst to build up …? fromthem.5.
Writing.237You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:How your life would be different if you had chosen another job?Use the outline:1) Introduction: problem 2) Advantages 3) Disadvantages 4) ConclusionGive reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your ownknowledge.Write at least 250 words.6. Poleplay different situations using the strategies you know: collaborating,avoiding, competing, compromising, accommodating. Remember to:-express your point of view-use phrases appropriate for each strategy-use agreements, concessions or objections when necessarySituation 1: You are 18 years old.
You are allowed to come home at whatevertime you want and you really appreciate that. You just have to ring up if you aregoing to be late. Yesterday you came home at the midnight without ringing up.Technique: Role PlayProblem: Parent-child relationshipsStrategy of Argumentation:1 - avoiding2 - accommodating3 - compromisingParticipants: parent, childSituation 2: When you were a child, you had a TV set in your room.
You used tospend all your free time watching TV there. You even used to eat in front of TVscreen. Now you are 25 years old and you discuss the situation with your parent.You are certain that children should not be allowed to behave this way andparents ought to set some limits.Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsStrategy of Argumentation:1 - collaborating2-competingParticipants: parent, child7. Poleplay the situations using different tactics you know.Situation 1: You are a student. You discuss your problems with a psychologist.Your family made you choose a career in medicine and you entered a medicalschool. Now you feеl rebellious.238Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsTactics of Argumentation:1– avoiding decision-making, withdrawing/sidestepping ;2 – digressing, change of the topic;3 – excessive concretization, asking questions at every point of the claimdiscussed4 – disguising disagreement when not being persuadedParticipants: psychologist, studentSituation 2: You are 16 years old.
Whenever your parents tried to stop you frommeeting particular people, it only made you want to see them even more. Youthink parents should give advice but they should never force their choice on you.Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsTactics of Argumentation:1 – attacking, hidden threats2 – the tactic of mutual concessions, step-by-step motivating and promising3– partial agreement4 – supporting and elaborating on the opponent’s ideasParticipants: parent, childSituation 3: You think parents should advise their children on what to read, butthey can’t control it: in the end children read what they want.Technique: Role PlayProblem: parent-child relationshipsTactics of Argumentation:1 – partnership2 – empathy3 – echo-responding4 – finding minor inconsistencies in the opinions of opponents so that to avoidany conflicts and share the point of viewParticipants: parent, childПриложение 6. Задания для промежуточного среза на определение уровнясформированности аргументативных стратегий и тактик1.
ListeningYou are going to listen to the text about Alternative Therapy.Write the summary of this text.Remember to:239- list the main ideas-write the arguments supporting the main ideas-provide the data necessary-write a conclusionYou will hear the recording twice.2. Read the text about Alfred Adler.A.Adler proposed a generalized feeling of inferiority as a motivating forcein behavior, as it was in his own life. Initially Adler related this feeling ofinferiority to physical defects.
The child with hereditary organic weakness willattempt to compensate the deficient function. A child with weak limbs may,through intensive exercise, excel as an athlete or dancer. Adler later broadenedthis concept to include any mental, physical, or social handicap, real orimagined. In infancy, the child’s helplessness and dependence on other peopleawaken this sense of inferiority. Thus, it is a feeling experienced by everyone.Consciously aware of the need to overcome it, the child at the same time isdriven by the innate striving for the betterment of the self. This pushing andpulling process continues throughout life, propelling us toward greateraccomplishments.
Inferiority feelings operate to the advantage of theindividual and the society because they lead to continuous improvement. But ifin childhood these feelings are met with pampering or with rejection, the resultcan be abnormal compensatory behaviors. Failure to compensate adequatelyfor inferiority feelings can lead to the development of an inferiority complex,which renders the person incapable of coping with life’s problems.9)According to Adler, the drive for superiority or perfection is universal,but each of us behaves in a different way to try to reach that goal.
Wedemonstrate our striving in a unique or characteristic mode of responding bydeveloping a style of life. This style of life involves the behaviors by which wecompensate for real or imagined inferiority. In the example of the physicallyweak child, the style of life may include exercise or sports that will increasestamina and strength. The style of life is fixed at the age of 4 or 5 and becomesdifficult to change thereafter.
It provides the framework within which all laterexperiences are dealt with. Adler recognized the importance of the early yearsof life, but he differed from Freud in believing that people can consciouslycreate a lifestyle for themselves.3) Adler's concept of the creative power of the self suggests that we have thecapacity to determine our own personality in accordance with our unique styleof life. This active, creative human power may be likened to the theologicalnotion of the soul. Certain abilities and experiences come to us throughheredity and environment, but the way we actively use and interpret these240experiences provides the basis for our personality and our attitude towards life.Adler meant that each of us is consciously involved in shaping our personalityand destiny. We can determine our fate, rather than having it determined bypast experience and by forces in the unconscious.-In examining his patients' childhood years, Adler became interested inthe relationship between personality and birth order.
He found that the oldest,middle, and youngest children, because of their positions in the family havevarying social experiences that result in different attitudes toward life anddifferent ways of coping. The oldest child receives a great deal of attentionuntil dethroned by the birth of the second child. The first-born may thenbecome insecure and hostile, authoritarian and conservative, manifesting astrong interest in maintaining order. Adler suggested that criminals, neurotics,and perverts are often first-born children.
He also suggested that Freud was atypical eldest son. Adler found the second child to be ambitious, rebellious,and jealous, constantly striving to surpass the first-born. Adler believed thatthe second-born child is better adjusted than the first-born or the youngestchild.
He said that the youngest child in the family was likely to be spoiled andpredisposed toward behavior problems in childhood and adulthood. Also, onlychildren may experience difficulties in adjusting to the world outside thefamily, where they are not the center of attention.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headingsbelow. Write the correct paragraph number (1-4) next to the appropriateheadings.
There is one extra heading.A) Using positive reinforcement in a parent-child______________B)The terms of behaviour improvement______________C) A well-known method of positive behaviour reinforcement______________D) Destructive influence of negative reinforcement______________E) Punishment as a part of modification system______________F) The fields behavior modification may be applied torelationship3. Read the text.The home environment and parents are still important for the behaviors andchoices of adolescents. Adolescents who have a good relationship with theirparents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors, such as smoking,drinking, fighting, and/or sexual intercourse.
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