Теоретическая грамматика (803499), страница 9
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Themajority of verbs refer to this class.2) Irregular verbs form their basic forms by such non-productive means as:a) variation of sounds in the root:should - would - initial consonant changebegin - began - begun - vowel change of the rootcatch - caught - caught - root - vowel and final consonant changespend - spent - spent - final consonant change;b) suppletion:be – was / werego – wentc) unchanged forms:cast - cast - castput - put – putBy suppletion we understand the forms of words derived from different roots.A. Smirnitsky (20) gives the following conditions to recognize suppletive forms of words;1.
when the meaning of words are identical in their lexical meaning.2. when they mutually complement one another, having no parallel opposemes.3. when other words of the same class build up a given opposemes without suppletivity, i.e.from one root. Thus, we recognize the words be - am, bad - worse as suppletive because theyexpress the same grammatical meanings as the forms of words: light – lighter, big – bigger, work– worked.Transitive and Intransitive VerbsVerbs can also be classified from the point of view of their ability of taking objects. Inaccord with this we distinguish two types of verbs: transitive and intransitive.
The former type ofverbs are divided into two:a) verbs which are combined with direct object: to have a book to find the addressb) verbs which take prepositional objects: to wait for, to look at, talk about, depend on…To the latter type the following verbs are referred:a) verbs expressing state: be, exist, live, sleep, die …b) verbs of motion: go, come, run, arrive, travel …c) verbs expressing the position in space: lie, sit, stand ...As has been told above in actual research work or in describing linguistic phenomena we do not alwaysfind hard-and-fast lines separating one phenomenon from the other.
In many cases we come across an intermediatestratum. We find such stratum between transitive and intransitive verbs which is called causative verbs, verbsintransitive in their origin, but some times used as transitive: to fly a kite, to sail a ship, to nod approval ...The same is found in the construction "cognate object": to live a long life, to die the death of a hero ...28The Grammatical Categories of VerbsGrammatical categories of verbsIn this question we do not find a generally accepted view-point.
B.A. Ilyish (15) identifies six grammaticalcategories in present-day English verb: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person and number.L. Barkhudarov, D. Steling distinguish only the following grammatical categories: voice, order, aspect, andmood. Further they note, that the finite forms of the verb have special means expressing person, number and tense.(4)B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (4): out of the eight grammatical categories of the verb,some are found not only in the finites, but in the verbids as well.Two of them-voice (ask - be asked), order (ask - have asked) are found in all the verbids,and the third aspect (ask - to be asking) – only in the infinitive.They distinguish the following grammatical categories: voice, order, aspect, mood, posteriority,person, number.The Category of VoiceBy the category of voice we mean different grammatical ways of expressing the relationbetween a transitive verb and its subject and object.The majority of authors of English theoretical grammars seem to recognize only two voicesin English: the active and the passive.H.
Sweet (42), O. Curme (26) recognize two voices. There are such terms, as inverted object, invertedsubject and retained object in Sweet's grammar.The Inverted object is the subject of the passive construction. The Inverted subject is theobject of the passive constructions.The rat was killed by the dog. O. Jespersen (34) calls it "converted subject".But in the active construction like: “The examiner asked me three questions” either of the object words maybe the subject of the passive sentence.I was asked 3 questions by the examiner.Three questions were asked by the examiner.Words me and three questions are called retained objects.H.
Poutsma (39) besides the two voices mentioned above finds one more voice – reflexive. He writes: "Ithas been observed that the meaning of the Greek medium is normally expressed in English by means of reflexive or,less frequently, by reciprocal pronouns".
It is because of this H. Poutsma distinguishes in Modern English the thirdvoice. He transfers the system of the Greek grammar into the system of English. He gives the following examples:He got to bed, covered himself up warm and fell asleep.H. Whitehall (43)This grammarian the traditional terms indirect and direct objects replaced by inner and outer complements(words of position 3 and 4) consequently. The passive voice from his point of view is the motion of the words ofposition 3 and 4 to position one. The verb is transformed into a word-group introduced by parts of be, become, getand the original subject is hooked into the end of the sentence by means of the preposition by.Different treatment of the problem is found in theoretical courses written by Russian grammariansThe most of them recognize the existence of the category of voice in present-day English.To this group of scientists we refer A.I.
Smirnitsky (20), L. Barkhudarov, L. Steling (14),Khaimovich and Rogovskaya's (22) according to their opinion there are two active and passivevoices. But some others maintain that there are three voices in English. Besides the two mentionedthey consider the reflexive voice which is expressed by the help of semantically weakened selfpronouns as in the sentence:He cut himself while shaving.B.A.
Ilyish (15) besides the three voices mentioned distinguishes two more: the reciprocal voice expressedwith the help of each-other, one another and the neuter (“middle”) voice in such sentences as: The door opened. Thecollege was filling up.The conception reminds us Poutsma's view. (39) He writes: "A passive meaning may also not seldom beobserved in verbs that have thrown off the reflexive pronoun and have, consequently, become intransitive. Thus, wefind it more or less distinctly in the verbs used in: Her eyes filled with tears ..."We cannot but agree with arguments against these theories expressed by Khaimovich andRogovskaya: "These theories do not carry much conviction, because:1) in cases like he washed himself it is not the verb that is reflexive but that pronounhimself used as a direct object;292) washed and himself are words belonging to different lexemes. They have differentlexical and grammatical meanings;3) if we regard washed himself as an analytical word, it is necessary to admit that the verbhas the categories of gender, person, non-person (washed himself-washed itself), that thecategories of number and person are expressed twice in the word-group washed himself;4) similar objection can be raised against regarding washed each-other, washed one anotheras analytical forms of the reciprocal voice.
The difference between "each other" and "one another"would become a grammatical category of the verb;5) A number of verbs express the reflexive meanings without the corresponding pronouns: He alwayswashes in cold water. Kiss and be friends.The grammatical categories of voice is formed by the opposition of covert and overtmorphemes. The active voice is formed by a zero marker: while the passive voice is formed by(be-ed). So the active voice is the unmarked one and the passive-marked.To ask- to be askedThe morpheme of the marked form we may call a discontinuous morpheme.From the point of view of some grammarians O.
Jespersen (33), O. Curme (26), G.Vorontsova (11) verbs get / become + Participle II are passive constructions. Khaimovich andRogovskaya (22) seem to be right when they say that in such constructions get / become alwaysretain lexical meanings.Different opinions are observed as to the P II.G. V. Vorontsova (11), L.
Barkhudarov and D. Steling (4) the combination be + PII in all cases treat as apassive voice if PII is not adjectivized (if particles very, too and adverbs of degree more (most) do not precede PIIon the ground that PII first and foremost, a verb, the idea of state not being an evident to this structure but resultingfrom the lexical meaning of the verb and the context it occurs in).Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (22) arguing against this conception write that in such casesas: His duty is fulfilled we deal with a link verb +PII since:1) it does not convey the idea of action, but that of state, the result of an action:2) The sentence correspond rather He has fulfilled his duty, as the perfective meaning of Participle II isparticularly prominent.The Grammatical Category of MoodThe problem of the category of mood i.e., the distinction, between the real and unrealexpressed by the corresponding forms of the verb is one of the most controversial problems ofEnglish theoretical grammar.
The main theoretical difficulty is due:1) to the coexistence in Modern English of both synthetical and analytical forms of the verbwith the same grammatical meaning of unreality and2) to the fact that there are verbal forms homonymous with the Past Indefinite and PastPerfect of the Indicative Mood which are employed to express unreality. Another difficultyconsists in distinguishing the analytical forms of the subjunctive with the auxiliaries should would,may (might) which are devoid of any lexical meaning.Opinions differ in the establishment of the number of moods in English.Below we'll consider views of some grammarians on the problem.H.
Sweet (42): "By the moods of a verb we understand grammatical forms expressingdifferent relations between subject and predicate".1. There are two moods in English which oppose to each otherThought -form fact moodThe thought- form is divided into 3 moods:1. conditional mood-the combination of should and would with the infinitive, when used inthe principle clause of conditional sentences.2. permissive mood-the combination of may/might with the infinitive.3.
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