Теоретическая грамматика (803499), страница 7

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The first term (gender) is a pure grammatical termwhich deals with the grammatical expression of grammatical gender, i.e. the expression of masculine, feminine andneuter genders. The second word (sex) is used as a common word for both male and female. Thus, it is often used todenote biological notions.Speaking about the Modern English language we can say that the English nouns do not have a grammaticalcategory of gender. It is because that the nouns do not have constant grammatical means to express the gender21distinctions. Such a grammatical category is found in Russian which is one the most important grammaticalphenomenon in this language “категория рода существительного – это несловоизменительнаясинтагматически выявленная морфологическая категория, выражающаяся в способности существительногов формах единственного числа относиться избирательно к родовым формам согласуемой (в сказуемом координируемой) с ним словоформы: письменный стол, большое дерево; Вечер наступил; Девочка гулялабы; Окно открыто; Ночь холодная.

Морфологическая категория рода выявляется в формах единственногочисла, однако она принадлежит существительному как слову в целом, во всей системе его форм. Категориюрода образуют три незамкнутых ряда морфологических форм, в каждый такой ряд входят формы разныхслов, объединённых общим для них морфологическим значением рода – мужского, женского или среднего”.Морфологическое значение рода существительного – это такое значение, которое обуславливаетсобою: 1) способность существительных определяться прилагательными со следующими флексиями вформе именительного падежа единственного числа: - ой, -ий, ый - мужской род (большой стол, синий свет,добрый человек), -ая, -яя – женский род (большая книга, синяя тетрадь); -ое, -ее – средний род (большоеокно, синее небо)…” (19)It becomes clear that in Russian we find three grammatical genders -masculine, feminine and neuter as wellas in the personal pronouns in the 3rd person singular – он, она, оно.

These pronouns, as a rule, replace nouns inaccordance with their gender. Nouns denoting persons may be either masculine or feminine - according to the sex ofthe person usually denoted by them. Nouns denoting inanimate objects may be of masculine, feminine and neuter.If nouns in the nominative case (им. падеж) singular form have no special ending, and no soft sign(мягкий знак) at the end, they are included into the masculine gender: дом, семья.If in the same case and form they have the endings -a or -я (ручка, станция), they are included into thefeminine gender.If nouns have the endings -o or -e (радио, замечание) they are in neutral gender.Nouns ending in "ь" (soft sign – мягкий знак) are either masculine (портфель - он) or feminine (тетрадь она).In the English language we do not find such phenomenon. Because of this fact the Russian and the mostother foreign grammarians think that English does not have the grammatical category of gender.

“English has nogender: the nouns of English cannot be classified in terms of agreement with articles, adjectives (or verbs)” (38),(20)In old English there were three genders with their own markers. B.A.Ilyish writes the following in thisrespect: "Three grammatical categories are represented in the OE nouns, just as in many other Germanic and IndoEuropean languages: gender, number and case. Of these three gender is a lexical-grammatical category, that is,every noun with all its forms belong to gender (masculine, feminine or neuter).But in Modern English the meaning of gender may be expressed by the help of different other means:1. gender may be indicated by a change of words that is, by the help of lexic-semantic means: man –woman, cock (rooster) – hen, bull-cow, Arthur, Ann, Edgar, Helen and so on.2.

gender may be indicated by the addition of a word that is, by syntactic means examples: Grandfather –grandmother, manservant – maidservant, male cat – female cat or he cat – she cat and so on.3. gender may be expressed by the use of suffixes, examples, host – hostess (хозяин – хозяйка), hero –heroine (герой - героиня), tiger – tigress (тигр - тигрица). There are opinions according to which these suffixes aremorphological means, thus they are grammatical means and because of this fact one may consider that English hasthe grammatical category of gender. But it can hardly be accepted.A.I. Smirnitsky (20) gives convincible counter-arguments on this question.

Here it is: “Однако на самомделе и здесь выражение «рода» относится не к грамматике, а к лексике. Слово actor – «мужского рода», аactress – «женского рода» потому, что это соответствует реальным внеязыковым фактам, а не вследствиеособенностей склонения или каких-либо других формальных грамматических особенностей данных слов.Слово actress по сравнению с actor обозначает реально иное живое существо женского пола, и соотношениеactor – actress является по существу таким же, как соотношение слов father отец – mother мать … этотсуффикс является не грамматическим, а лексическим, словообразующим. (его можно сопоставить,например, с уменьшительным суффиксом – у в doggy и т.п.). Следовательно, в соотношении actor – actressнет ничего противостоящего общим закономерностям выражения «родовых» различий в системеанглийских существительных”There is a regular correspondence between English nouns and the personal pronouns in the third personsingular he, she, it. But this correspondence is not equal with the one which is found in Russian.

In the Russianlanguage this correspondence is based on both the lexical-semantic and the grammatical aspects but in English it isbased on only the lexical-semantic aspect, that is "he" is usually used to indicate real biological male sex, "she"indicates real biological female sex and “It” is used to indicate inanimate objects. It is important to remember thatthe pronouns he, she, may also be used with regard to inanimate nouns. Such a use of these pronouns is explained bythe cultural and historical backgrounds and it has nothing to do with the grammatical expression of the meaning ofgender.

Examples: moon - she, ship - she, love - he and so on.Summing up the problem of gender in Modern English, it is important to say that:1. gender is the grammatical distinction between; masculine, feminine and neuter;2. the lexical - grammatical category of gender existed only in the OE period but in ME (middle English)this category has been lost;223. in Modern English we find only lexical-semantic meanings of gender, that is, the gender distinction isbased on the semantic principle;4. English has certain lexical and syntactic means to express a real biological sex.Study questions1. What peculiar features of nouns do you know?2. How many grammatical categories of nouns do you know?3. What do you understand by regular and irregular formation of plural of nouns?4.

What means of irregular formation of plural meaning do you know?5. Does English have the grammatical category of case?6. What conceptions on the category of case do you know?7. Is the category of case in English nouns is as stable as it is in your native language?8. Is there a grammatical category of gender in English nouns?9. What is the difference between the terms “gender” and “sex”?10. Compare the gender meanings in English and your native language?23Lecture 7The AdjectivesProblems to be discussed:- the characteristic features of the adjectives as a part of speech- the types of adjectives- the grammatical category of degrees of comparison- the means of formation of the degrees of comparison of adjectives- substantivization of adjective Pronouns- general characteristics of this class of words- the difference between pronouns and other parts of speech- the personal pronouns- the possessive pronouns- the reflexive pronounsThe characteristic features of the adjective as a part of speech are as follows:1.

their lexical-grammatical meaning of attributes or we may say that they express property of things/persons/;2. from the morphological view point they have the category of degrees of comparison;3. from the point of view of their combinality they combine with nouns, as it has alreadybeen stated above, they express the properties of things. The words that express things we callnouns. It seems to be important to differentiate the combinability of a word with other words andreference of a word of a part of speech to another part of speech. We put this because adjectivesmodify nouns but they can combine with adverbs, link verbs and the word “one”:a white horse.

The horse is white.The sun rose red. The sun rose extremely red.4. the stem-building affixes are: -ful, -less, -ish, -ous, -ive, -ir, un-, -pre-, in-...;5. their syntactic functions are: attribute and predicativeIt is important to point out that in the function of an attribute the adjectives are in mostcases used in pre-position; in post- position they are very seldom: time immemorial; chance tocome.The category of comparison of adjectives shows the absolute or relative quality of asubstance.The Grammatical Category of Degrees of ComparisonNot all the adjectives of the English language have the degrees of comparison.

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