Теоретическая грамматика (803499), страница 8
Текст из файла (страница 8)
From this point of view theyfall under two types:1) comparable adjectives2) non- comparable adjectivesThe non-comparable adjectives are relative ones like golden, wooden, silk, cotton, raw andso on.The comparable ones are qualitative adjectives. The grammatical category of degrees of comparison is theopposition of three individual meanings:1) positive degree2) comparative degree3) superlative degreeThe common or basic degree is called positive which is expressed by the absence of amarker. Therefore we say that it is expressed by a zero morpheme. So far as to the comparative andsuperlative degrees they have special material means.
At the same time we’ll have to admit that notall the qualitative adjectives form their degrees in the similar way. From the point of view offorming of the comparative and superlative degrees of comparison the qualitative adjectives mustbe divided into four groups. They are:1) One and some two syllabic adjectives that form their degrees by the help of inflections er and -est respectively,short - shorter - the shorteststrong - stronger - the strongestpretty - prettier - the prettiest242) The adjectives which form their degrees by means of root-vowel and final consonantchange:many - more - the mostmuch - more - the mostlittle - less - the leastfar - further - the furthest(farther - the farthest)3) The adjectives that form their degrees by means of suppletiongood - better - the bestbad - worse - the worstNote: The two adjectives form their degrees by means of suppletion.
It concerns only of the comparativedegree (good - better; bad - worse). The suppletive degrees of these adjectives are formed by root - vowel and finalconsonant change (better - the best) and by adding “t” to the form of the comparative degree (in worse - the worst).4) Many - syllabic adjectives which form their degrees by means of the words "more" and"most":interesting - more interesting - the most interestingbeautiful - more beautiful - the most beautifulSo far we have not been referring to the works of grammarians on the problem since theopinions of almost all the grammarians coincide on the questions treated.
But so far as to thelexical way of expressing the degrees is concerned we find considerable divergence in itstreatment. Some authors treat more beautiful, the most beautiful not as a lexical way of formationof the degrees of comparison but as analytical forms. Their arguments are as follows:1. More and -er identical as to their meaning of “higher degree”;2.
Their distribution is complementary. Together they cover all the adjectives having the degree ofcomparison.Within the system of the English Grammar we do not find a category which can be formedat the same time by synthetic and analytical means. And if it is a grammatical category it cannot beformed by several means, therefore we consider it to be a free syntactic unit which consists of anadverb and a noun.Different treatment is found with regard to the definite and indefinite articles before most: the mostinteresting book and a most interesting book.5) Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (22): One must not forget that more and most are not only wordmorphemes of comparison. They can also be notional words.
Moreover they are poly- semantic and poly-functionalwords. One of the meanings of most is “very, exceedingly”. It is in this meaning that the word most is used in theexpression a most interesting book".As has been stated we do not think that there are two homonymous words: most functional word; most - notional word.There is only one word - notional /adverb/ which can serve to express the superlative degree by lexicalmeans and since it's a free combination of three notional words any article can be used according to the meaning thatis going to be expressed.
The difference in the meaning of the examples above is due to the difference in the meansof the definite and indefinite articles.Substantivization of AdjectivesAs is known adjectives under certain circumstances can be substantivized, i.e. become nouns.B.
Khaimovich (22) states that "when adjectives are converted into nouns they no longerindicate attributes of substances but substances possessing these attributes.B. Khaimovich (22) speaks of two types of substantivization full and partial. By full substantivization hemeans when an adjective gets all the morphological features of nouns, like: native, a native, the native, natives. Butall the partial substantivization he means when adjectives get only some of the morphological features of nouns, asfar instance, the adjective “rich” having substantivized can be used only with the definite article: the rich.B. Ilyish (15) is almost of the same opinion: we shall confine ourselves to the statementthat these words are partly substantivized and occupy an intermediate position.More detailed consideration of the problem shows that the rich and others are not partialsubstantivization.
All the substantivized adjectives can be explained within the terms of nouns.(37)25Study questions1. What are the most important characteristic features of adjectives?2. Why do we have to differentiate the qualitative and relative adjectives?3. How are the comparative and superlative of adjectives formed?4. What adjectives form their degrees by both inflections and words more and most?5. Are their adjectives that form their degrees of comparison by means of suppletion?6. What do you understand by substantivization?7. Are the words "more" and "most" lexical or grammatical means when, they form the degrees of comparison ofadjectives?8. What adjectives form their comparative and superlative by root-vowel and final-consonant change?26Lecture 8The VerbProblems to be discussed:- the characteristic features of verbs as a part of speech- verbs are morphologically most developed part of speech- the types of verbs- the grammatical categories of verbs: voice, mood, tense, number and others.Verb as a Part of Speech1.2.3.4.5.Words like to read, to live, to go, to jump are called verbs because of their following features.they express the meanings of action and state;they have the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, order and posterioritymost of which have their own grammatical means;the function of verbs entirely depends on their forms: if they in finite form they fulfill only one function –predicate.
But if they are in non-finite form then they can fulfill any function in the sentence but predicate;they may be part of the predicate;verbs can combine actually with all the parts of speech, though they do not combine with articles, withsome pronouns. It is important to note that the combinability of verbs mostly depends on the syntacticalfunction of verbs in speech;verbs have their own stem-building elements. They are:postfixes:-fy (simplify, magnify, identify…)-ize (realize, fertilize, standardize…)-ate (activate, captivate…)prefixes:re- (rewrite, restart, replant…)mis- (misuse, misunderstand, misstate…)un- (uncover, uncouple, uncrown…)de- (depose, depress, derange…) and so on.The Types of VerbsThe classification of verbs can be undertaken from the following points of view:1) meaning2) form - formation;3) function.I.
There are three basic forms of the verb in English: infinitive, past indefinite and PII.These forms are kept in mind in classifying verbs.II. There are four types of form-formation:1. affixation: reads, asked, going ...2. variation of sounds: run – ran, may – might, bring – brought ...3. suppletive ways: be – is – am – are – was; go – went ...4. analytical means: shall come, have asked, is helped ...There are productive and non-productive ways of word-formation in present-day Englishverbs.Affixation is productive, while variation of sounds and suppletion are non-productive.Notional and Functional VerbsFrom the point of view of their meaning verbs fall under two groups: notional andfunctional.Notional verbs have full lexical meaning of their own.
The majority of verbs fall under thisgroup.Function verbs differ from notional ones of lacking lexical meaning of their own. Theycannot be used independently in the sentence; they are used to furnish certain parts of sentence(very often they are used with predicates).27Function verbs are divided into three: link verbs, modal verbs, auxiliary verbs.Link verbs are verbs which having combined with nouns, adjectives, prepositional phrases and so on add tothe whole combination the meaning of process.In such cases they are used as finite forms of the verb they are part of compound nominalpredicates and express voice, tense and other categories.Modal verbs are small group of verbs which usually express the modal meaning, thespeaker’s attitude to the action, expressed by the notional verb in the sentence.
They lack somegrammatical forms like infinitive form, grammatical categories and so on. Thus, they do not haveall the categories of verbs. They may express mood and tense since they function as parts ofpredicates. They lack the non-finite forms.Besides in present-day English there is another group of verbs which are called auxiliaries.They are used to form analytical forms of verbs. Verbs: to be, to do, to have and so on may beincluded to this group.Regular and Irregular VerbsFrom the point of view of the formation of the Past Tense verbs are classified into twogroups:1) Regular verbs which form their basic forms by means of productive suffixes-(e)d.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
