Теоретическая грамматика (803499)
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MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZEDEDUCATIONUzbek State World Languages UniversityA.T. IriskulovTheoretical Grammar of EnglishTashkent 2006Reviewed by:A. KuldashevR. AlimardanovLayout and design:E. Ablyazizova2ContentsLecture 1Language and Speech Levels……………………………………………………………….………Lecture 2The Grammatical Structure of a Language…………………………………………………………Five Signals of Syntactic Structure…………………………………………………………………Lexical and grammatical Meaning …………………………………………………………………Lecture 3The Morphemic Structure of the English Language………………………………………………..The Types of Morphemes………………………………………………………………………..…Lecture 4The Grammatical Categories.
…………………………………………………………Lecture 5The Parts of Speech……………………………………………………………………Lecture 6The Noun…………………………………………………………………………………………...The Number and Case in Modern. English Nouns………………………………….The Category of Case in Nouns……………………………………………………………………Gender in Modern English …………………………………………………………………………58991112141621222324Lecture 7The Adjectives……………………………………………………………………... 27The Grammatical Category of Degrees of Comparison……………………………………………Substantivization of Adjectives……………………………………………………………………Lecture 8The Verb……………………………………………………………………………………………Verb as a Part of Speech …………………………………………………………………………..The Types of Verbs ………………………………………………………………………………..Notional and Functional Verbs …………………………………………………………………….Regular and Irregular Verbs ………………………………………………………………………..Transitive and Intransitive Verbs ………………………………………………………………….The Grammatical Categories of Verbs ……………………………………………………………The Category of Voice ……………………………………………………………………………..The Grammatical Category of Mood ……………………………………………………………..Other Categories of the Verbs ……………………………………………………………………..The Category of Posteriority………………………………………………………………………The Categories of Number and Person ………………………………………………………….Lecture 9The Adverb…………………………………………………………………………………………The So-Called Phrasal Verbs……………………………………………………………………….Statives or The Words of Category of State………………………………………Lecture 10The Functional Parts of Speech……………………………………………………………………Lecture 11Syntax………………………………………………………………………………………………The Subject – Matter of Syntax……………………………………………………………………The Types of Linguistic Relations Between Words ……………………………………………….272930303031313232323435373839404143454546Types of Syntactic Relations……………………………………………………… 46Word-Combinations and Their Types ……………………………………………………………..
47The Types of Co-ordinate Phrases ………………………………………………………………… 48The Types of Subordinate Phrases ………………………………………………………………… 48The Types of Predicative Phrases ………………………………………………………………… 48Lecture 12Sentence …………………………………………………………………………………………… 50The Types of Sentences …………………………………………………………………………… 51Types of Sentences according to the Aim of the Speaker………………………………………… 52Interrogative Sentences…………………………………………………………………………… 52Exclamatory Sentences…………………………………………………………………………… 52Imperative Sentences ……………………………………………………………………………… 53Elliptical Sentences ……………………………………………………………………………… 53One -member Sentences ………………………………………………………….54Lecture 133Composite Sentences ………………………………………………………………………………Compound Sentences ………………………………………………………………………………Complex Sentences ………………………………………………………………………………The Types of Complex Sentences …………………………………………………………………The Structural Approach to the Problem of Composite Sentences ………………………………Назарий грамматикага оид таянч атамалар лу\ати ……………………………………………References…………………………………………………………………………………………456565757585969Lecture 1Language and Speech LevelsProblems to be discussed- language and speech levels- primary and secondary levels- units of levels- the difference between language and speechLanguage (Speech) is divided to certain strata or levels.
The linguists distinguish basic and nonbasic (sometimes they term them differently: primary and secondary) levels. This distinction depends onwhether a level has got its own unit or not. If a level has its own unit then this level is qualified as basicor primary.
If a level doesn't have a unit of its own then it is a non - basic or secondary level. Thus thenumber of levels entirely depend on how many language (or speech) units in language. There's a numberof conceptions on this issue: some scientists say that there are four units (phoneme/phone;morpheme/morph; lexeme/lex and sentence), others think that there are five units like phonemes,morphemes, lexemes, word -combinations (phrases) and sentences and still others maintain that besidesthe mentioned ones there are paragraphs, utterances and texts.
As one can see there's no unity in thenumber of language and speech units. The most wide - spread opinion is that there are five language(speech) units and respectively there are five language (speech) levels, they are: phonetic/phonological;morphological; lexicological, syntax - minor and syntax - major. The levels and their units are asfollows:1. phonological/phonetical level: phoneme/phone2.
morphological level: morpheme/morph3. lexicological level: lexeme/lex4. Syntax - minor: sentence5. Syntax - major: textThus, non - basic or secondary level is one that has no unit of its own. Stylistics can be said to be non - basic(secondary) because this level has no its own unit.
In order to achieve its aim it makes wide use of the units of the primary(basic) levels. The stylistics studies the expressive means and stylistic devices of languages. According to I.R. Galperin"The expressive means of a language are those phonetic means, morphological forms, means of word -building, and lexical,phraseological and syntactical form, all of which function in the language for emotional or logical intensification of theutterance. These intensifying forms of the language, wrought by social usage and recognized by their semantic functionhave been fixed in grammars, dictionaries".(12)"What then is a stylistic device (SD)? It is a conscious and intentional literary use of some of the facts of thelanguage (including expressive means) in which the most essential features (both structural and semantic) of the languageforms are raised to a generalized level and thereby present a generative model.
Most stylistic devices may be regarded asaiming at the further intensification of the emotional or logical emphasis contained in the corresponding expressivemeans".(12)When talking about the levels one has to mention about the distinction between language andspeech because the linguistics differentiates language units and speech units.The main distinction between language and speech is in the following:1) language is abstract and speech is concrete;2) language is common, general for all the bearers while speech is individual;3) language is stable, less changeable while speech tends to changes;4) language is a closed system, its units are limited while speech tend to be openness and endless.It is very important to take into account these distinctions when considering the language andspeech units.
There are some conceptions according to which the terms of "language levels" aresubstituted by the term of "emic level" while the "speech levels" are substituted by "ethic levels". Veryoften these terms are used interchangeably.The lowest level in the hierarchy of levels has two special terms: phonology and phonetics.Phonology is the level that deals with language units and phonetics is the level that deals with speechunits. The lowest level deals with language and speech units which are the smallest and meaningless. So,the smallest meaningless unit of language is called phoneme; the smallest meaningless unit of speech iscalled phone.
As it's been said above the language units are abstract and limited in number which meansthat phonemes are abstract and that they are of definite number in languages. The speech units areconcrete, changeable and actually endless. This means that language units (phonemes) are represented in5speech differently which depends on the person that pronounces them and on the combinability of thephoneme.Phonemes when pronounced in concrete speech vary from person to person, according to how he has got used topronounce this or that sound. In linguistic theory it is explained by the term "idiolect" that is, individual dialect.
Besides,there may be positional changes (combinability): depending on the sounds that precede and follow the sound that we areinterested in the pronunciation of it may be different, compare: low and battle. The sound "1" will be pronounceddifferently in these two words because the letter “l" in the first word is placed in the initial position and in the second wordit stands after the letter "t". So we face "light" (in the first word) and "dark" version (in the second case). These alternantsare said to be in the complimentary distribution and they are called allophones (variants, options or alternants) of one phoneme. Thus allophone is a variant of a phoneme.The second level in the hierarchy of strata is called morphological.
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