Теоретическая грамматика (803499), страница 10
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compulsive mood-the combination of the finite form of the verb "to be" with the supine.If it were to rain I do not know what shall we do.G.O. Curme (26): “Moods are the changes in the form of the verb to show the various waysin which the action or state is thought of by the speaker”.He distinguishes three moods:1. Indicative Mood. This form represents something as a fact, or as in close relation withreality, or in interrogative form inquires after a fact.302. Subjunctive Mood. There are two entirely different kinds of subjunctive forms: the oldsimple subjunctive and newer forms consisting of a modal auxiliary and a dependent infinitive ofthe verb to be used.3.
The function of the Subjunctive is to represent something not as an actual reality, but asformed in the mind of the speaker as a desire, wish, volition, plan, conception, thought, sometimeswith more or less hope of realization. The present subjunctive is associated with the idea ofhopeless, likelihood, while the past subjunctive indicates doubt, unlikelihood, unreality;I desire that he go at once.I fear he may come too late.I would have bought it if I had had money.Mood is the grammatical category of the verb reflecting the relation of the action expressed by the verb toreality from the speaker’s point of view. The three moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive are found inalmost all the grammars of Russian grammarians.
We say «almost» because Barkhudarov and Steling (4) consideronly the first and third.- in the indicative mood the speaker presents the action as taking place in reality;- in the imperative mood the speaker urges the listener to perform some action.- in subjunctive mood the speaker presents the action as imaginary.As to the number of mood we do not find common opinion: Smirnitsky and some others speak of sixmoods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, conditional and suppositional).B. Ilyish and Ivanova (14) find three (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive) B.A. Ilyishdivides the latter into two forms-the conditional and the subjunctive and so on.The indicative mood is the basic mood of the verb.
Morphologically it is the mostdeveloped category of the verb.According to Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (22) the grammarians are unanimous about themeaning of the Subjunctive Mood. While in all other respects opinions differ. It seems interestingto compare the opinions of Whitehall (43) (above) and Khaimovich on the problem: “The systemof the subjunctive mood in Modern English has been and still is in a state of development. Thereare many elements in it which are rapidly falling into disuse and there are new elements cominginto use”.O. Jespersen (33) argues against Sweet's definition of Mood; he writes that it would bemore correct to say that mood expresses certain attitudes of the mind of the speaker towards thecontents of the sentence.P.
Whitehall (43): “Although the subjunctive is gradually dying out of the language, English is rich indevices for expressing one’s psychological moods toward happenings that are imaginary”.Other Categories of VerbsBesides the already discussed categories of the verb, there are some other categories likeaspect, order, posteriority, tense and others.These categories are very often mixed up: most authors consider them within the tensecategory.
To illustrate this we'll view the conception of Henry Sweet.To H. Sweet (42) there are three tenses in English. "Tense is primarily the grammatical expression ofdistinctions of time".Every occurrence, considered from the point of view of time, must be either past (I washere yesterday), present (he is here today), or future (he will be here tomorrow).Simple and Compound Tenses: The present, preterite and future are simple tenses. All the perfect tenses arereferred by him to compound tense.
These tenses combine present, past and future respectively with a time anteriorto each of these periods:present perfect = preterite + preterite;pluperfect (past p.) = pre-preterite + preterite;future perfect = pre - future + futurePrimary and secondary Tenses: He writes: “When we speak of an occurrence as past, we must have somepoint of time from which to measure it.When we measure the time of an occurrence from the time when we are speaking, that is, from the present,the tense which expresses the time of the occurrence is called a primary tense.
The present, preterite, future andperfect (the present perfect) are primary tenses.A secondary tense on the other hand, is measured not from the time when we are speaking, but from somepast or future time of which we are speaking and consequently a sentence containing secondary tense makes usexpect another sentence containing a verb in a primary tense to show the time from which that of the secondarytense is to be measured. The pluperfect and future perfect are both secondary tenses.31He will have informed his friends by the time they (the quests) arrived.He had informed his friends when the quests arrived.Complete and Incomplete Tenses. The explanation of this classification of tenses by H.
Sweet is vague andconfused because he mixes up the lexical and grammatical means, compare:I have lived my life.1 have lived here a good many years.The first is complete and second is incomplete. As one can see there's no difference in the form of verbs.He makes his division because of different distribution of the tense forms.
But one point is clear in his conception.He considers continuous tense to be also incomplete as for instance:The clock is striking twelve while.The clock has struck twelve. (complete)Continuous Tenses are opposed to Point-Tenses:I've been writing letters all day.We set out for Germany.Though even here we observe some confusion. Such examples are also considered to becontinuous or recurrent:He goes to Germany twice a year.Definite and Indefinite Tenses: the shorter a tense is, the more definite it generally is in duration. Longtimes (continuous and recurrent) - are generally more indefinite:I write my letters in the evenings.I am writing a letter.Q.
Jespersen (34):O. Jeperson’s view of the grammatical tenses in English is illustrated in the table below:BA_________________O_________________CAfter futureFuturePresentFutureBefore futureBAfter pastPastBefore pastAAfter-past time: I know of no language which possesses a simple tense for this notion. A usual meaning“obligation” in English most often is expressed by “was to”:Next year she gave birth to a son who was to cause her great anxiety.After future. This has a chiefly theoretical interest, and I doubt very much whether forms like I shall begoing to rewrite (which implies nearness in time to the chief future time is of very frequent occurrence).The Continuous tenses he calls expanded ones: is writing, will be asking, will have been asking ...
orcomposite tense-forms.The categories of tense, aspect and order characterize an action from different points ofview.The tense of a verb shows the time of the action; the aspect of a verb deals with the development of theaction, while order denotes the order of the actions.When discussing grammatical categories we accepted that a grammatical category is a grammaticalmeaning which has a certain grammatical means to be expressed.The analyses of the following example will help us to make certain conclusions: When youcome he will have been writing his composition. The predicates of the sentence are in theindicative mood.
And, as has been stated, it is in this mood all the grammatical categories of theverb are expressed. The tense is future and it is expressed by the auxiliary word/verb will. Theorder is prior and it is expressed by the auxiliary verb have + -en or -ed. The aspect is continuousand it is expressed by the auxiliary verb be + ing.Since all these categories have their own means we may call them grammatical ones. Andas any category must have certain opposition (while defining the grammatical categories wedefined it as “at least having two individual forms”).32The category of tense is orientated with regard to the present tense. The tense category isthe system of three-member opposition. So the present tense may be called as the point ofmeasurement or orientation point.The category of order is a system of two-member opposition: prior and non-prior. Compare:I work - I have worked.So the prior order marker have + ed is opposite to the zero of non-prior.
As in English there are threetenses. This grammatical category can be expressed in all of them. Present: I work – I have worked. Past: I worked –I had worked. Future: I shall work – I shall have worked.The category of aspect is a system of two-member opposition: Continuous – Non-continuous: I work – Iam working.To be - ing is the morpheme of the continuous meaning. This category is found in all the three tenses.Present: I work – I am workingPast:I worked – I was working.Future: I'll work – I'll be working.The means of expression of these categories are arranged in a certain sequence.
In theactive voice they are arranged in the following way:Tense is expressed in the first component of the predicate: order – in first or second(second if it is in the future tense), aspect – in the second or third components. The order meansalways precede the aspect means if both are found in the predicate.If the predicate is in the passive voice the tense is again expressed by the first componentof it while the means of the passive voice follows the means of the aspect and order categories.Note: In the future tense the passive meaning and the aspect (continuous) is incompatible.The Category of PosteriorityThis category is distinguished by B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya.
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