Теоретическая грамматика (803499), страница 14
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In the structure of the first type,there’s always a word that connects the constituents of the phrase while in the second type there’sno connector.The Types of Subordinate PhrasesThe subordinate phrases are classified according to the head word. Thus there are noun phrases (coldwater), verb phrases (saw a house), adjective phrases (extremely red) and so on.The Types of Predicative PhrasesThe predicative phrases fall under:Infinitive predicative phrases: I asked him to stay.Gerundial predicative phrases: I saw him running.Absolute predicative phrases: Everybody stood up, glass in hand.As it is seen from the examples the types of predicative phrases depend on what non-finiteform of the verb verbal part of them is expressed by.Study questions1. What is phrase (word - combination)?2.
What is the difference between a word and a phrase?3. What is the difference between a word and a phrase and a sentence?4. What conceptions on phrase (word-combination) do you know?5. What are the criteria to distinguish the types of phrases?6. What types of phrases do you know according to the syntactic relations between the constituentsof phrases?7. What types of phrases do you know according to the word-groups constituting phrases?43Lecture 12SentenceProblems to be discussed:- definition of sentence- the types of sentences according to the different grouping requirements- the problem of one-member sentences- the problem of elliptical sentencesThere are many definitions of the sentence and these definitions differ from each otherbecause that the scientists approach from different view points to this question.
Some of themconsider the sentence from the point view of phonetics, others - from the point of view ofsemantics (the meaning of the sentence) and so on. According to the opinion of many grammariansthe definition of the sentence must contain all the peculiar features of the smallest communicativeunit.Some of the definitions of a sentence are given below.«Предложение – минимальная синтаксическая конструкция, используемая в актах речевойкоммуникации, характеризующаяся предикативностью и реализующая определенную структурную схему»(14)“The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntacticpattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose”The definitions which are mentioned above prove that B.A.
Ilyish is quite right when he writes: “Thenotion of sentence has not so far received a satisfactory definition” (15)“A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language andwhich serves as the chief means of conveying a thought. A sentence is not only a means of communicatingsomething about reality but also a means of showing the speaker's attitude to it.“В отличие от слова или словосочетания, которые выражают лишь различныепонятия, предложения выражают относительно законченные мысли и тем самымиспользуются как единицы общения между людьми; произнося (или изображая на письме)предложения, люди что-то сообщают, выясняют, побуждают друг другу к выполнениюдействия.The train moved out of the city.Are you ready?Put down the book.Для того чтобы сообщение о том или ином факте, явлении был полным, законченным, требуетсяуказать каким образом данный факт, явление, событие и т.д.
относится к реальной действительности,существует ли оно на самом деле или же мыслится как возможное предполагаемое, воображаемое,необходимое и т.д., т.е. необходимо выразить модальность сообщения. Модальность непременно имеется влюбом предложении».«Важнейшим средством грамматического оформления предложения является законченностьинтонации».
(15)Thus, concluding the above mentioned conceptions, we can say that in any act ofcommunication there are three factors:1. The act of speech;2. The speaker;3. Reality (as viewed by the speaker).B. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya (22) state that these factors are variable since they change with every actof speech. They may be viewed from two viewpoints:1) from the point of view of language are constant because they are found in all acts ofcommunication;2) they are variable because they change in every act of speech.Every act of communication contains the notions of time, person and reality.The events mentioned in the communications are correlated in time and time correlation isexpressed by certain grammatical and lexical means.Any act of communication presupposes existence of the speaker and the hearer.
Themeaning of person is expressed by the category of person of verbs. They may be expressedgrammatically and lexico-grammatically by words: I, you, he...44Reality is treated differently by the speaker and this attitude of the speaker is expressed bythe category of mood in verbs. They may be expressed grammatically and lexically (may, must,probably...)According to the same authors the three relations - to the act of speech, to the speaker andto reality - can be summarized as the relation to the situation of speech.The relation of the thought of a sentence to the situation of speech is called predicativity.Predicativity is the structural meaning of the sentence while intonation is the structural form of it.Thus, a sentence is a communication unit made up of words /and word-morphemes/ in conformitywith their combinability and structurally united by intonation and predicativity.Within a sentence the word or combination of words that contains the meanings ofpredicativity may be called the predication.My father used to make nets and sell them.My mother kept a little day-school for the girls.Nobody wants a baby to cry.A hospital Nursery is one of the most beautiful places in the world.
You might say, it’s aroom filled with love.Thus, by sentence we understand the smallest communicative unit, consisting of one ormore syntactically connected words that has primary predication and that has a certain intonationpattern.The Types of SentencesThere are many approaches to classify sentences. Below we shall consider only some ofthem.B. Ilyish classifies sentences applying two principles:1) types of communication. Applying this principle he distinguishes 3 types of sentences:declarative, interrogative, imperative.2) according to structure. Applying this principle he distinguishes two main types ofsentences: simple and composite.Ch.
Fries (31), (32) gives an original classification of types of sentences. All the utterancesare divided by him into Communicative and Non-communicative.The Communicative utterances are in their turn divided into 3 groups:I.Utterances regularly eliciting “oral” responses only:A) Greetings. B) Calls. C) Questions.II. Utterances regularly eliciting "action" responses, sometimes accompanied by one of alimited list of oral responses: requests or commands.III.
Utterances regularly eliciting conventional signals of attention to continuous discoursestatements.L. Barkhudarov (3) compares source (kernel) sentences with their transforms, hedistinguishes several types of sentences from their structural view-point. His classification willrepresent binary oppositions where the unmarked member is the source kernel sentence andmarked one is the transformed sentence.The most important oppositions within the limits of simple sentences are the followingtwo:1. Imperative (request) and non-imperative sentences.2. Elliptical and non-elliptical sentences.Summarizing the issue about the classification of sentences in the English language, wecan say that this can be done from different points of view. But the most important criteria so areas follows:1.
the criterion of the structure of sentences2. the criterion of the aim of the speaker3. the criterion of the existence of all parts of the sentence.From the point of view of the first criterion sentences fall under two subtypes: simple andcomposite.The difference between them is in the fact that simple sentences have one primarypredication in their structure while composite ones have more than one.45According to the criterion of the aim of the speaker sentences fall under declarative,interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.From the point of view of the existence of all parts of the sentence we differentiateelliptical and non-elliptical sentences.Below we shall consider these types of sentence.Types of Sentences according to the Aim of the SpeakerThe declarative sentences: This type of sentence may be called basic, when compared withother types of sentences because all other types of sentences are the result of transformation ofkernel sentences which are affirmative in their origin (kernel sentences).-they convey some statement.
Maybe because of this fact these sentences are calleddeclarative.-they usually have the falling an intonation-usually they have regular order of words with no inversion.Interrogative SentencesInterrogative sentences differ from the declarative or interrogative ones by some their specific features.There are two structural types of interrogative sentences in Modern English - generalquestions (yes- or no- questions) and special (or wh-) questions.
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