01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 45
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Even before its launch, the International Space Station has opened new spheres of research on Earthby overcoming barriers of language, culture and technological differences worldwide.Indeed, it represents unprecedented (беспрецедентный, беспримерный) global cooperation and trust. There is no doubt that itis the first step towards a unified «planetary civilization» that willexplore space as citizens of Earth, not of individual nations.ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯУпражнение 1. A. Прочитайте словосочетания из текста 10А и постарайтесь понять значения выделенных слов.1.
time to disintegrate2. the duration of the pulse3. to be encountered4. in just a fraction of a second210в. Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову соответствующее ему позначению.a.b.c.d.to meet unexpectedlyonly, merelybreak up into small partstime during which smth lasts or existsУпражнение 2. A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значение словосочетания off-the-shelf item. Дайте определение или объяснение этому термину.Laser PropulsionAnother approach is to absorb laser light in a plasma «flame»sustained by laser light focused in the center of a flowing stream ofpropellant gas.
Thrust levels as high as 10,000 N with a specific impulse (удельный импульс) of 1,000 sec appear achievable usinghydrogen as the propellant gas. Laser power as low as 1 MW wouldbe useful for low Earth orbit launching without relay optics.10-100 MW lasers can launch small payloads from the ground. Withup to 100 launches a day, a 20 MW launcher weighing 20 kg couldplace several hundred tons in orbit per year. Low-gigawatt laserscould launch multi-ton spacecraft with the same ease that presentmulti-gigawatt chemical rockets do. Laser rockets will have muchbetter payload fraction since the heavy power plant is left on theground and the higher specific impulse results in lower propellantfraction.
Although gigawatt lasers are not off-the-shelf items, thereis no doubt they could be built if the need were strong enough.B. Выберите соответствующие контексту A значения выделенных слов.approacha. coming near tob. approximation, a way to solve a problemс way, path, roadsustaina.
enable to keep up, maintainb. suffer, undergoс keep from fallingrelaya. supply of fresh horses to take the place of tired onesb. device which receives signals and transmits them with greaterstrength, thus increasing the distance over which they arecarriedс place from which radio programs are broadcast after beingreceived from another station211payloada. passengers and cargo, but not fuelb. bomb in a missileс crew and instruments of a spaceshipitema. each single thing, part or object in a listb. detail or paragraph (of news)с number of a programoff-the-shelfa. commercially availableb.
ready to useс possible or likelyУпражнение 3. Заполните пропуски словами.А.capacity as well laser infonnation light existing advantage spacedoubt amplified cost conventionalOptical fibres are made of glass and use (1) ... (usually from a(2) ... ) to transmit messages. There is no (3) ... optical fibre systems have enormous (4) ... over (5) ... transmission systems. Theyhave a much higher (6) ... than copper wires, can carry much more(7) ... and have a potentially lower material (8) ... Besides, opticalfibres occupy far less (9)...
The quality of transmission is high (10)... The signal does not need to be (11)... as often as with (12)... cables. Optical fibres do not suffer from interference.heatlighttreatment distancecommunicationmeltidentifybeamsvaporizedisplaysNowadays, lasers are used to (1) ... targets in military uses. Inengineering, powerful laser (2) ... can be focused on a small area.They can (3) ..., (4) ..., or (5) ... material in a very precise way. Lasers are ideal for (6) ... in space. Laser light can travel long (7) ...without losing signal strength. In medicine, laser beams can beused for the (8) ... of damaged tissue (ткань) in a fraction of a second without causing harm (вреда) to healthy tissue. In the arts, lasers can provide fantastic displays of (9) ... Pop concerts are oftenaccompanied by laser (10) ...212Упражнение 4.
Составьте возможные словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.1.2.3.4.5.a.b.сd.e.come toovercome / encounterrecord / store / carryrealizeplaceВinformation, data, soundinto orbita projectrealitydifficulties, differencesУпражнение 5. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.VerbNounAdjectiveidentifyvaporousamplifyidealizationstrongvarietylimitless—precisiontreat—Упражнение 6. A. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний натему: «Laser applications».В. Speak about:Laser as a means of propulsion.213LESSON 11Сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнениеЗначение слов either, neither и их сочетанийTextTextTextTextПА.
Superconductivity11В.ПС. New Hope for Energy11D. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯУпражнение 1. Переведите предложения со сложным дополнением.1. We know Morse to have been a painter by profession. 2. Scientists expect lasers to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. 3. M. Faraday supposed a beam of light to reverse itspolarization as it passed through a magnetized crystal. 4. Designersexpect dirigibles to be used for exploration of new territories.5.
Japanese designers believe a new ceramic engine to replace theconventional one. 6 Engineers suppose a new «night vision» systemto enable drivers to see better after dark. 7. Scientists believe newlaser devices to be widely used in medicine. 8. We know the firstdigital optical disks to have been produced as disks for music.9. They believed him to be capable.Упражнение 2.
Найдите инфинитив в предложениях, переведите.А. 1. Hundreds of radio navigation stations watch the airplanesfind their destination and land safely. 2. Twice a year people seebirds fly south and north, but we don't know how they find theirway. 3. At the Paris Exhibition people watched the cargo airplane«Ruslan» carry a great amount of cargo. 4. When you stand near aworking engine you feel it vibrate. 5. Making experiments withelectric telegraph Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when214connected to an electric wire.
6. Nowadays people watch on television cosmonauts work in space, «Lunokhod» move on the surfaceof the Moon and Olympic games take place on the other side of theglobe.B. L A force applied to a body causes it to move in a straightline. 2. The unsatisfactory results of Bell's experiments forced himto change the method of testing. 3. The excellent properties of Damascus steel made metallurgists of the whole world look for the lostsecret of the steel. 4. Very high temperatures often cause certainmaterials to break. 5. Bad weather conditions make pilots switchover to automatic control.Упражнение 3.
Обратите внимание на инфинитивный оборот, состоящий из предлога for, дополнения и инфинитива.L It was the only thing for us to do. 2. The students were waiting for the lecturer to describe the properties of a new compositematerial. 3. It is for you to decide which of the two methods to use.4. It is necessary for the students to know the properties of variousalloys. 5.
A system of satellites is provided for people to watch thecentral TV program.Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения со сложным подлежащим.A. 1. Students of Cambridge are supposed to wear gowns at lectures. 2. The first pocket-size colour television sets were reported tohave been developed. 3. Today's aircraft is expected to be replacedby a new model of hypersonic aircraft in a few years.
4. Intensiveresearch on optical-electronic computer is said to be going on in anumber of US companies. 5. A method for recording informationon crystal by means of a laser is known to have been developed by aRussian researcher. 6. The annual output of personal computers isexpected to reach millions in the near future. 7. The laser is knownto be a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifyingradiation. 8. Optical technology has been found to be cost-effective. 9.
The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported to havebeen produced.B. 1. Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible withouttelephone, radio, and television. 2. Nowadays the principle of radiooperation seems to be quite simple. 3. The term «radar» is known tobe composed of the first letters of «radio, detection and ranging».
Ithappens to reflect its basic principle, that is, the location of an object at a distance. 4. About 50 per cent of Lake Baikal water provedto have been polluted since the Baikal plant has begun its work.2155. Lasers appeared to be highly useful for solving the problem ofcontrolled thermonuclear reaction and communication. 6. A system of Earth satellites appears to have solved the problem of transmitting the central TV program to any part of the world.7.
Electricity proved to be able to travel instantly over a long pieceof wire.C. 1. Dirigibles are likely to be used for taking tourists to distantand beautiful places. 2. Lasers are unlikely to be used in our everyday life soon. 3. Superconductivity is certain to bring about newdiscoveries in science and technology.Упражнение 5.
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