01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 46
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Прочитайте, запомните выделенные слова.А.: Do you know what the words either and neither mean?В.: Yes, I do. Either means каждый, любой, любой из двух, whileneither stands for ни один, ни один (из).А.: That's correct. Can you give examples?В.: Yes I can. For example: There is a number of lecture rooms oneither side of the corridor. Which of these dictionaries can beused for translating a technical article? You may use either.A.: And in what way is either translated when it is used with or? Forinstance: «Please, bring some dictionaries either from the libraryor from the reading room.»В.: Either ...
or... means либо ... либо, или ... или.А.: Now let us speak about neither, it is the negative form of either,meaning ни тот ... ни другой. For instance: I was offered twobooks, but I took neither of them, as I did not like them.В.: And neither connected with nor means ни ... ни, for example:These problems seemed difficult neither to my friend, nor to me.A.: Are these words used in any other way?В.: Yes, they may be used in short negative sentences such as: «Idon't like this book», said Peter. «Neither do I», said Ann, whichmeans мне тоже (не нравится).
I shall not go to the library tomorrow. He won't go either. Он тоже (не пойдет).Упражнение 6. Переведите, обращая внимание на разные значения словтоге и much.1. One more present-day complicated problem to be solved isthat of combining laser and thermonuclear reaction to produce apractically limitless source of energy.
2. A Japanese company isplanning to install several more electronic devices on the car instrument panel. 3. The Voice Warning System is one more electronic device. 4. If you make half-hour breaks while getting readyfor your exams, your brain will work much more efficiently.2165. Aerodynamics is one more problem to be taken into consideration when designing a hypersonic craft. 6. The wheel-computerized system is much more efficient than those used previously.7. Cryogenic fuels used both as coolant and propellant make the solution of the superliner surface cooling problem much easier tosolve. 8.
The fact that dirigibles are much larger in size and theirstaying power is much longer than those of an aircraft makes themideally suited for exploration.Упражнение 7. Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.the physics discoveries, discoveries that led to, the scientific advantage, advantage could well come to nation, to bring the mankind to, mercury wire, unexpected phenomenon, to return tonormal state, by passing electric current, by applying magneticfield, to make a great contribution, they introduced a model, amodel proved to be useful, a theory won for them the Nobel Prize,research in superconductivity, research became especially active,the achieved record of 23 K.исследования особенно активизировались; исследования вобласти сверхпроводимости; теория, за которую они получили Нобелевскую премию; привести человечество к ...; преимущество в науке; открытия в области физики; достигнутаярекордная отметка в 23 К; открытия, которые привели к...;преимущество могла бы получить нация (страна); ртутнаяпроволока; вернуться в обычное состояние; пропуская электрический ток; внести большой вклад; неожиданное явление;они предложили (ввели) модель; прикладывая магнитное поле; модель оказалась эффективной.Упражнение 8.
Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.prestige [pres'ti:3], nation ['neijan], Nobel prize [neu'belpraiz], absolute zero ['aebs9lu:t 'ziereu], phenomenon[fi'nominen], normal, magnetic, electromagnetic, theory ['Gieri],theorists ['Gierists], fundamental theory, physics, physicist, model['modi], metallic [mi'taelik], ceramic [si'raemik], colleagues['koli:gz], laboratory, critical temperature, fabricate, extremely[iks'tri.mli], process ['prauses].Упражнение 9.
Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов:latest ['leitist], spectacular [spek'taekjule], breakthrough['breik'Gru:], compare [кэт'реэ], award [9'wo:d], research217[ri'se:^], mercury ['me:kjuri], wire ['waia], below [bileu], 5 °C['faiv di'gri:z 'sentigreid], completely [kem'pli:tli], return[Г1Чэ:п], either ['aiSe], finally ['faineli], Zurich ['zju9rik], previously ['pri:vjasli], throughout [9ru:'aut], liquid ['likwid], nitrogen['naitrec^an], lose [lu:z], moreover [mo:'r9uv9], lack [laek].СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯachievement п — достижениеbelow adv — ниже, внизуbenefit п ~ выгода, пользаboil V — кипетьcontinue V — продолжатьcool V — охлаждатьcurrent п — электрическийтокdiscover v — открывать, обнаруживатьfinally adv — наконецintroduce v — вводитьlack V — нуждатьсяlikely adv — вероятноlose V — терятьmaster v ~ овладеватьmoreover adv — более тогоpass V — пропускатьpresent V — представлятьpreviously adv — ранее, предварительноprominent a — выдающийся,известныйrandom a — беспорядочный,случайныйresistivity n — удельное сопротивлениеreturn V — возвращатьсяsatisfactory a — приемлемый,удовлетворительныйsuddenly adv — вдруг, внезапноsufficiently adv — достаточноtend V — стремиться, иметьтенденциюwire n — проводat once — сразу, немедленноText llAпрочитайте текст.
Расскажите об основных этапах развитиясверхпроводимости и о тех ученых, которые внесли свой вклад в исследованиесверхпроводимости.SuperconductivityAccording to the prominent scientist in this country V.L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivitymean a revolution in technology and industry. Recent spectacularbreakthroughs^ in superconductors may be compared with thephysics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. They218are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age.
Prestige, economic and military benefits could well cometo the nation that first will master this new field of physics. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicistK. Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his lowtemperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of a mercury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperatureof 4 Kelvin (-269 °C).
Absolute zero is known to be 0 K. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discovered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normalstate either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or byapplying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it. But at that timethere was no theory to explain this.For almost 50 years after K. Onnes' discovery theorists wereunable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution tothe development of superconductivity theory.
They introduced amodel which proved to be useful in understanding electromagneticproperties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory theory was presented by American physicists, which won for them in1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM^ scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound tobecome a superconductor at a temperature well above^ the previously achieved record of 23 K.It was difficult to believe it.
However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery:he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before temperature 98 К in a special ceramic material. At oncein all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors ofcritical temperature 100 К and higher (that is, above the boilingtemperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potentialtechnical uses of high temperature superconductivity seemed to bepossible and practical.
Scientists have found a ceramic materialthat works at room temperature. But getting superconductors fromthe laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the newsuperconductors are easily made, their quality is often uneven.Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconductivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabricate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding ofhow ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes develop219ing new substances largely a random process.
This is likely tocontinue until theorists give a fuller explanation of how superconductivity is produced in new materials.Notes to the Text1. spectacular breakthroughs -- захватывающие открытия,достижения (переворот)2. IBM — компания Ай Би Эм3. well above — намного вышеУПРАЖНЕНИЯУпражнение 10. Просмотрите текст НА и ответьте на вопросы.1. What is this text about? 2. What is the phenomenon of superconductivity? 3.
Who was the first to discover the phenomenon?4. What scientists do you know who have worked in the field of superconductivity? 5. What materials are the best superconductors?6. Is it possible to return superconducting materials to the normalstate? 7. How can it be done? 8. In what fields of science and technology can the phenomenon of superconductivity be used?Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержаниютекста ПА. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.1.
The latest achievements in superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. 2. Superconductors were oncethought to be physically impossible. 3. The achievements in superconductivity cannot be compared with the discoveries that led toelectronics and nuclear power. 4. The electrical resistivity of a mercury wire disappears when cooled below 4 K.
5. A superconductingmaterial cannot be returned to the normal state. 6. Landau andGinzburg introduced a model which was useful in understandingelectromagnetic properties of superconductors. 7. Scientists fromIBM found a ceramic material that became a superconductor at atemperature of 23 K. 8. Potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity are unlikely to be possible and practical.Упражнение 12.
Найдите в тексте НА инфинитивные конструкции.Упражнение 13. Сравните пары предложений, переведите.1. Designers report а new manned craft to be able to submerge tothe depth of 21,000 feet. A new manned craft is reported to be ableto submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet. 2. We know radio navigation220stations to be located at different places around the world to guidethe pilots. Radio navigation stations are known to be located all overthe world to guide the pilots.
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