01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 35
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In 1920 and 1930s the dirigibles were mannedby a big crew. Today being equipped with electronic control theycan be operated by three pilots.The modern dirigibles have one more important advantage overolder models — that of complete safety in flight, for, instead of hydrogen, they are filled with helium which does not burn.
The craftis 200 feet long and is made of superstrong materials.163In the future it may be possible to build a dirigible with a metalhull that could carry hundreds of passengers and transport cargoaround the world. In fact, it is probably as a cargo vehicle that thedirigible will have the best chance to find its use.Text 8CПрочитайте текст.
Расскажите по-английски о трех способах навигациии применяемых для этого устройствах.Off the Ground: How do We Find Where We are Going?Scientists who are concerned with such a problem generallyagree that birds have some kind of so-called «second sense» that allows them to fly over land and water without getting lost. Indeed,birds are always able to find their destinations and make a return flywithout any trouble at all.But people need help in finding their destination when pilotingtheir own airplanes. This, of course, is called navigation.Navigation is the art of finding your way from where you startto your destination.
Whether used by the seamen, explorer or thepilot, navigation falls into three basic categories: dead reckoning(счисление пути) which is the basis for all navigation, celestialnavigation which isflyingby the aid of the sun and other stars, andradio and radar navigation.Several different kinds of aeronautical maps provide all the details which might be needed by the pilot. And hundreds of radionavigation stations are located at different places around the worldto help guide the pilot.
All the pilot needs to do is to tune to theseradio transmitters and he will get the directional signals he needs.Distance measuring equipment now used in many airplanes tellsthe pilot exactly how far he is from a radio station and at whatspeed he is travelling over the ground.When certain types of weather prevent the pilot from seeing theground, additional radio transmitters let him make his approach toan airport by simply watching his flight instruments and his radioreceiver indicators.
These receivers help the pilot descend on therunway, thus landing at an airport even though he cannot see theground.At the world's larger air terminals airplanes are provided withradar guidance as another means of guiding the pilot to the destination. With the help of an electronic transponder (ретранслятор) ineach airplane which shows it on the radar screen, radar controllersguide hundreds of airplanes to landing.164Because of the great improvement in electronic and radio navigation equipment, flying to where you are going is done as efficiently as the birds do it and much more scientifically.Text 8DПрочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о Нью-Йорке, культурном,финансовом и промышленном центре США.New YorkSituated at the mouth of the deep Hudson River, New York hasalways been the gate of the USA.
But it is more than just a door: itis also a window through which the life of the whole nation may beobserved. New York is a city of striking social contrasts. It is a placewhere most of the millionaires live and at the same time a greaterproportion of New Yorkers live at a lower level than the average forthe US. In 1626 Dutch colonists set up here the first settlement,named New Amsterdam. They bought Manhattan Island from Indians for 24 dollars and a barrel of rum. The Americans say that itwas the best business deal ever made in New York.
In 1664 thecolony was captured by British fleet under Duke of York and renamed New York.Now New York includes five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx,Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond.Manhattan is the smallest of the five city boroughs in size and itis not the largest in population although the majority spend a considerable part of the day in this center of business life. Here areBroadway, Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. This is the heartand source of American policy.Harlem is also in Manhattan. Thick walls separate this «BlackBottom» with 450,000 coloured people from the white population.In the bay stands the bronze Statue of Liberty given to theUnited States by France as a present in 1886.
Its torch is 60 metershigh and can be seen at night for many miles. A new American Museum of Immigration is open at the base of the Statue.The Bronx is a more residential rather than industrial part of thecity. The well-known Zoo and Botanic Gardens are in the Bronx.Queens is both a residential and industrial area. New York'stwo biggest airports are both there.The Brooklyn Navy Yard is the largest naval shipbuilding center in the world. Brooklyn has more people than any other part ofthe city — about 3,000,000. It is mostly a district of middle-classpeople.165Richmond is the borough of piers and warehouses.
Its population is only 200,000.What rnakes New York? First of all, it is a great seaport, thegreatest in tte USA. The sea encircles many of the city areas. It isalso a greai financial center, where «money-making» is the mainlaw of life. It is the symbol of big business and its Wall Street hasbecome a riickname for big monopolies all over the world. NewYork is the leading textile center of the country and its clothes industry.
It has a considerable printing industry and manybook-shops; It is also undoubtedly one of the centres of social andspiritual lif<: of America. There are a lot of Art Galleries, amongthem rich Henry Frick collections, and many impressive art museums (Metropolitan Museum, Modern Art Museum, American ArtMuseum and others). For a long time New York specialized in giving visitors a good time at its theatres, restaurants, night clubs,sporting art^nas, and therefore has a large hotel industry. It is themain publi$j;hing, advertising and radio center with Columbia andNew York universities and various city colleges.Among the inhabitants of New York one can meet people of almost all nations. The population of New York numbers about 16million.
Th^ citizens speak seventy-five different languages.ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯУпражне^ке 1. Прочитайте текст, найдите герундий и причастие настоящего времени, переведите.In most capital cities built long before the time of the privatecar there is, rarely enough space for moving traffic, and certainlynot enough for parking vehicles. Buses move slowly because of thegreat volun^e of traffic, thus encouraging more people to give up(отказатьс5^) using public transport. Banning traffic from some areas may heUp, but such a solution may not actually make less thenumber of «cars coming into the city.
The new city cannot survive(выжить) without building a series of ring roads. During the working hours o.f the day, there is the constant noise of traffic, but atnight the center is almost empty.The moi^it environmentally-friendly way of solving traffic problems is to nise more widely public transportation. Buses requirefewer parkintg lots, make less noise and use less road space per passenger than private cars. They consume less fuel, causing less airpollution.166Some environmentalists dream of turning parking lots intoparks and replacing cars with bicycles. In some countries there areextensive networks of bicycle paths, which make cycling a safe andenjoyable form of transportation.Упражнение 2.
A. Прочитайте словосочетания и выберите для выделенных слов соответствующие тексту 8А значения.1. with the cabin accommodatinga. grantb. have, provide a room or place forс change2. the skin is heateda. outer covering of human bodyb. outer covering of a fruitс outer layer or surface3.
lightening the aircrafta. make light or brightb. reduce the weight ofс make visible4. the fuel flowing througha. move along or overb. come fromс be the result of5. fibre-glass bladesa. cutting part of a knifeb. a part of a tool for playing baseballс flat wide part of a propellerB.
Найдите в тексте 8A слово с тем же значением, что и/ме/ (см. 4-й абзац).Упражнение 3. А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значения выделенных слов.Virtual Laboratory Expands NASA ResearchNASA has successfully concluded tests on a computergenerated virtual laboratory that will allow researchers, locatedanywhere in the world, to study potentially dangerous aircraft andspacecraft situations without risking human life.The lab can enable research organizations to collaborate longdistance without having to be physically present at the world's largest flight simulator at Ames Research Center, California.
It couldalso be used by universities, research laboratories and industry todevelop a wide variety of products beyond the aerospace field. Fu167ture uses of the laboratory being considered include designing newspacecrafts and training astronauts.The simulator is able to move airplane and spaceship cockpitsin all directions, including 60 feet vertically and 40 feet horizontally. There are five interchangeable cockpits that are used to simulate the Space Shuttle, helicopters, airplanes and other aerospacevehicles.The simulator creates a convincing environment for a pilot andis controlled by computers programmed to represent each aircraftproposed.Computers calculate correct aircraft response when a pilotchanges simulator cockpit controls.
In real time, responses by thesimulator include cockpit motion, images in the windshield,sounds and control readouts. Simulations are monitored from thecontrol lab at ARC. The virtual laboratory and the «world» it creates exist partly in computer memory and other physical gear.Recently, astronauts made simulated Space Shuttle landingsusing a huge motion simulator at ARC while NASA engineers inHouston monitored the sessions using the three-dimensional«world» that includes video screens, computer video, two-wayvideo conferencing, remote data access and a pilot's out-thewindow scene.B. Выберите для выделенных в тексте А слов правильные значения.a.
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