01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 30
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Speak about:1. Public transport of the future.2. The application of electronics in modern cars.3. The latest innovations in car design.Use exercises 1,2 and the following words and word combinations for yourtopic: one thing is certain, to be much more efficient, to be in common use, to select a destination, to monitor, the size of a pack of cigarettes, to look like, to warnof objects ahead of the vehicle, to design, to get information, while driving, to makeof.Exercise 5. Comment on the following statement.It is natural that everybody should want to have a car.One point of view : It is convenient, saving time, avoiding crowded buses andother city transport, independent, comfortable, useful at weekends, contact withnature, developing the sense of responsibility, improving the level of technologicalculture.A contrary point of view : Expensive, traffic jams (пробки в уличномдвижении), difficulties with repairs and maintenance, pollution, lack of physicalexercise, takes more time than it saves, road accidents, waste of energy resources,the unbearable situation in many cities, especially in supercities.Exercise 6.
Read and smile.On the BusIt was during the rush-hour (часы пик). As usual, all the seatsin the bus were occupied. When a good-looking young lady got in,140an elderly man sitting near the door wanted to rise, but the lady atonce pressed him to keep his seat.
«Thank you», she said, «I don'tmind standing.» «But, madam, permit me ... ». «I insist upon yoursitting down,» she stopped him, and putting her hands on hisshoulders she almost forced him back into his seat.The man tried again to stand up and said, «Madam, will you allow me to ... » But once more the lady said, «I don't wish to takeyour seat, sir!» and forced him back with another push.With a great effort the man finally pushed her aside.
«Madam»,he called out, «I don't care whether you take my seat or not. Thebus has already taken me two stops beyond my destination, andnow I wish to get out.»A good-looking lady-motorist was speeding through the sleepyvillage when a policeman stepped out on the road in front of herand forced her to stop.
«What have I done?» she asked. «You weretravelling forty miles an hour», replied the policeman. «Forty milesan hour!» cried the lady-motorist in surprise, «I left my house only20 minutes ago».Text 7BПрочитайте текст и заполните следующую таблицу:Саг design innovationssince 1770The latestcar electronic systemsTheiradvantagesTheirdisadvantagesL2.Используя таблицу, расскажите по-английски о наиболее важных усовершенствованиях в конструкции автомобиля с момента его изобретения. Окаких последних достижениях в области конструирования автомобилей вызнаете? Какая информация в тексте наиболее интересна с вашей точки зрения и почему?Саг of FutureEver since Nicolas Cugnot, a Frenchman, invented the firstself-propelled road vehicle in 1770, there has been no shortage ofcompanies willing to make a better automobile.
Over years their efforts have given users the gasoline engine (дизель), the electricstarter, tubeless tires (бескамерная шина), fuel-injected enginesand anti-lock brakes (тормоз с антиблокировочным устрой141ством), these are only a few innovations. What is next? Here aresome examples of what the car designers are working at in theworld today.Engineers are experimenting with a state-of-art (новейший)system that enables drivers to see better after dark. This «night vision» system uses infrared sensors that can detect a human figure atnight more than 1,600 feet away. That's five times the distance atwhich conventional headlights are effective. The sensors pick upinfrared rays emitted by any object that gives off heat.
An image-processing system scans the information from the sensors, creating different images for different objects. The images are thendisplayed on a cathode-ray screen built in a car's instrument panel.It is like black-and-white photograph of an object ahead. And thesystem is passive, which means no lights are needed to illuminatethe object in front of the vehicle. But the biggest problem will be reducing costs and the other one is the size of the sensor mechanismwhich is too big now.One of the latest applications of sophisticated electronics is thewheel-computerized system that not only monitors air pressure inautomobile tires but adjusts it automatically.
In addition this system enables a driver to set tire pressure while seated. The systemdeveloped consists of three separate modules. The first is the instrument panel display which houses the system's main microprocessor, programming buttons (кнопка включения программы)and warning signals. The second component is the detector drivemodule (модуль привода) which is essentially four microchips attached, in one unit, to the chassis. Each chip detecting pressurechanges that may occur, the transistors within the module signalthe third component — a programmable transducer (программируемый преобразователь).
The transducer attached to each wheelchanges the tire pressure accordingly.However, some automobile experts think this system is too complicated and costly. The design has to be simple and of low cost.Text 7CПрочитайте и перескажите текст.Talking Instrument PanelsFor a few years now some of the most advanced new automobiles have been equipped with instrument panels that can «speak»142providing instrument readings or safety warnings from special electronic circuits.In a polite female voice, the device will report on engine oilpressure, parking-brake and headlight operation, seat belt connection, totalling 14 different functions.
The driver can even programthe Voice Warning System to announce the time or to give alow-fuel warning for any preset gas tank level. The heart of theVoice Warning System is a microprocessor-based electronic speechmodule made by National Semiconductor Соф. (US). The devicerequires the connection of 18 wires, but it is simple enough to install in a car.Text 7DПрочитайте текст.
Используя слова и выражения из текста, опишитесвое состояние перед экзаменом.Testing TimesExam stress doesn't occur most strongly during the actual examsbut in the few weeks just before them. The climax is usually thenight before when last minute preparations confirm your worstfears (страх). There are, however, some simple ways of dealingwith the problem.First, one must know that the night before is too late to do anything. Much better to go to a dance, for a walk, to the pictures or toplay a game rather than increase stress by frantic efforts to plug ingaps (затыкать пробелы) in your knowledge.The brain is a complex bio-electrical machine which, like acomputer, can be overloaded.
It does not work continuously. Whenyou study, your brain reaches its maximum eflTiciency about fiveminutes you start work, stays at it for about ten minutes and then itis down. Indeed, after thirty minutes your attention wonders (отвлекаться), your memory shuts off, and boredom (скука) sets in.For this reason, the best way to study is in half-hour sessionswith gaps in between of about the same length. It even helps tochange subjects and not keep at the same one since it reduces theboredom factor.Study stress was experienced by Isaac Newton, the greatestmathematical genius, and by Einstein.
Newton had a depression after his efforts on gravity.Einstein had no such difficulty: he would break off and go sailingor play violin — not very well, he said, but it was very comforting.143The lesson here is clear. To avoid exam stress, you have to tellthat what you are doing is fun (забава) and the best way to do thisis to treat revision as a game. If you stimulate your brain with short,snappy (энергичный) sessions, you will be surprised how quickand sharp you are.
A laugh with friends or a walk through the country is really giving your mind the recreation it needs.ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯУпражнение 1. A. Прочитайте следующие слова и словосочетания из текста 7А и постарайтесь понять значения выделенных слов.1. for long journeys in cars2. arriving at the motorway3. the fuel left in the tank4. the radar aerial5. the radar only observes objects ahead of6. stationary objects7. the red light and buzzer warn8. satellite will indicate the routeB.
Подберите к выделенному в А слову или словосочетанию соответствующее ему по значению.a. container for liquid or gasb. electrical device that produces a sound signalс way taken or planned from one place to anotherd. see, watch carefully objects in front ofe. not moving or changingf. reach a wide road for continuously moving fast vehiclesg. travel to a distant placeh. antennaУпражнение 2, A.
Прочитайте текст и найдите слова и словосочетания,означающие:а new idea or product, reduce, basis. Joining, position, for each car, whole (complete), very great, large number (quantity), at a very high level (suddenly), put togetheror fit the parts of, take (send to), every year, the same, a person who takes part in arace for the first place.Mass ProductionCar manufacturer Henry Ford laid the foundation for the revolutionary change in the entire motor vehicle industry.144The key for mass production was not the moving assembly line.It was the complete interchangeability of parts and the simplicity ofattaching them to each other.
These were the innovations thatmade the assembly line possible. Taken together, they gave Fordtremendous advantage over his competitors.Ford's first efforts to assemble his cars, beginning in 1903, wereto set up assembly stands on which a whole car was built. Each assembler performed many jobs on one car and had to get the necessary parts for it.The first step Ford took to make this process more efficientwas to deliver the parts to each work station. Now each assemblerremained in the same place all day. Later in 1908 Ford decided thateach assembler would perform only one task and move around thefactory from car to car. In 1913 cars were placed on a moving assembly line.
Each assembler performed one task only and remainedstationary. This innovation cut cycle time from 2.3 minutes to 1.19minutes, thus dramatically improving productivity.Ford's discovery simultaneously reduced the amount of humaneffort needed to assemble an automobile. What is more, the morevehicles Ford produced, the more the cost per vehicle fell. In theearly 1920s Ford produced 2 million identical vehicles a year.Ford's mass production was adopted in almost every industrialactivity in America and Europe.B. Заполните пропуски, образуя составные слова, общеизвестные словосочетания или термины:... timevehicle ...assembly ......
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