01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 33

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One of the ways to make planes as economi­cal as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting new com­posite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for^ lessthan 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage ofcomposite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generationmodels. An extensive use of new materials combined with betteraerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency byone-third^.Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmo­sphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicatedcooling measures.

One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such asliquid hydrogen, as both coolants^ and propellants. The fuel flow­ing through the aircraft's skin would cool the surfaces as it vapor­izes before being injected into combustion chamber.In addition, specialists in many countries are currently workingon new propeller engines considered much more economical andless noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planesfly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announcedthat specialists succeeded in^ solving this problem.

As a result aventilator engine with a propeller often fibre-glass blades has beenbuilt, each being five meters long. It will be mounted in the experi­mental passenger plane.155Notes to the Text1. Le Bourget airfield -- аэропорт Jle Бурже2. the looks — внешний вид3. can enjoy — с удовольствием (здесь)4.

heat-insulating materials — теплоизолирующие материалы5. accounting for — составляя6. by one-third — на одну треть7. coolant — охлаждающая жидкость8. succeeded in — удалосьУПРАЖНЕНИЯУпражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 8А и ответьте на вопросы.1. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed inParis? 3.

What are the characteristics of the new liner? 4. What arethe difficulties in building a hypersonic plane?Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержаниютекста 8А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.1. Today's aircraft will be replaced with a new form of super­sonic transport in a few years' time. 2. The new hypersonic aircraftthat looks like a rocket will cover the distance between Tokyo andMoscow in less than two hours.

3. The future superliner of thisclass will have large windows that will allow passengers to watchthe panorama of the Earth. 4. Airliner's routes will mainly lie in thestratosphere because the air resistance in the lower atmosphere istoo great.

5. Designers can easily make all the necessary thermody­namic calculations to build a reliable hypersonic plane. 6. It is pos­sible to lighten the aircraft by substituting conventional metalalloys for new composite materials. 7. Cryogenic fuels are used asboth coolants and propellants. 8. The great advantage of propellerplanes is that they fly faster than jet planes.Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 8А герундий (см.

3, 4 и 5-й абзацы).Упражнение 13. Найдите герундий в функции обстоятельства, переведи­те предложения.1. Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersoniccraft will take two hours. 2. On examining the car before starting ona long journey a driver can be sure that he will get to his destinationwithout accidents. 3. By summing up the information about thespeed and distance of various objects on the road, the computer de156tects all possible dangers. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capa­ble of flying at five times above the speed of the sound.

5. The onlyway of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is fly­ing higher. 6. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for com­pressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustionchamber. 7. In the future, in switching over to the new Earth satel­lite a driver can be sure of coming safely to his destination. 8. Cryo­genic fuels will vaporize before being injected into combustionchamber. 9.

In flowing over the aircraft's surface the fuel cools itsskin. 10. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will flyat 100,000 feet above the Earth. 11. By using supercomputers it ispossible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated ther­modynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier start­ing in cold weather. 13. By using the automatic guidance system adriver will be able to make long journeys without concentrating onthe road conditions.

14. It is impossible to solve economic prob­lems without using the achievements of the scientific and techno­logical progress.Упражнение 14. Найдите герундий в парах предложений, переведите их.1. Overcoming these difficulties is not so easy as it may seem.Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increase the fuel ef­ficiency.

2. Setting a problem the scientist makes the first step to itssolution. Setting a problem is the first step to its solution. 3. Cover­ing the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hoursthis superliner develops a speed five times above the speed ofsound. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow onboard a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the discov­ery into practice the engineers will solve a complicated technologi­cal task. Putting the discovery into practice sometimes requiresmore effort than making it.УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫУпражнение 15.

Образуйте прилагательные от глаголов или существи­тельных по образцу:move — двинуть, двигаться -» movable — подвижныйcomfort, change, compare, control, program, measure.Упражнение 16. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова.reliable, elongate, percentage, stabilizer, stabilize, prospective,carrier, brilliant, relativity, intelligent, intelligence, assistance, fu157selage, mainly, encircle, departure, statement, hypersonic, liner,horizontal, powerful.Упражнение 17. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.конструктор — design, designer, to designстабилизировать — stabilizer, stability, stabilizeсамый последний — latest, late, laterэффективный — efficient, efficiency, efficientlyхарактеристика, работа — perform, performing, performanceнадежно — reliable, reliability, reliablyнемыслимый — thinking, thinkable, unthinkableневесомость — weightlessness, weightless, weightУпражнение 18.

Определите, синонимами или антонимами являютсяприведенные пары слов.advantage — disadvantage; to remain — to stay; reliable — un­reliable; fast — slow; apart from — besides, in addition; capable —incapable; to begin — to start; liquid — solid; to cool ~ to heat;possible — impossible; weak -- strong; to build — to break; aircraft— plane; engine — motor.Упражнение 19. Переведите выделенные слова и словосочетания, запом­ните их.1.

At higher schools specialization generally begins in thethird year. 2. Nowadays we generally have computers at everyplant. 3. This doesn't improve the speed of transport vehicles ingeneral and that of an automobile in particular. 4. The generalprinciples of the design of new transport machines in general anddiesel locomotives in particular can be found in the new magazine.5. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion opera­tions a second will become available in the near future.

6. Becauseof the extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction acraft will require protection. 7.The generation of electric power in­creases every year.Упражнение 20. Определите, какой частью речи является в предложениивыделенное слово. Переведите.1. Television has а great number of uses nowadays. 2. This caruses a new sensor mechanism. 3. A.

Bell wanted to build a mecha­nism that people could use to talk to one another over long dis­tances. 4. The new material can be applied in manufacturingcomponents much smaller than those in use today. 5. The Libraryof Congress serves not only Members of the Congress, but re158searchers and scientists who use it. 6. In Russian universities thereis no charge for the use of reading rooms, laboratories and libraries.7. Measures to keep Moscow's air clean are important componentsof our ecological programme.

8. A thermometer is a device thatmeasures temperature. 9. Computers can do many things, they cancontrol machines in factories, cars on roads, play chess and so on.10. Computers control nearly everything we do in the modernworld. 11. Today dirigibles are equipped with electronic controls.Упражнение 21. Выберите правильный глагол из приведенных в скобках.1.

The car has ... (brought, brought about) mobility to millionsof people, but at the same time polluted the atmosphere. 2. Thescientific and technological achievements ... (brought, broughtabout) great changes in people's life and work. 3. A lot of peoplecame to ... (look at, look for) a new invention, the television set, atthe World Fair in New York. 4. It was necessary ... (to look at, tolook for) a more reliable method of calculation. 5. The airplane«Ruslan» can ...

(carry, carry out) up to 150 tons. 6. Research is be­ing ... (carried, carried out) for developing new composite materi­als to lighten aircraft structure.Упражнение 22. Заполните пропуски предлогами by, with, for, at, in.The steam was invented ... James Watt, who worked ... manyyears before he could make the instruments ... which he perfectedhis machine.

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