01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 24
Текст из файла (страница 24)
Переведите слова, учитывая значение префикса super-.supercritical, superactive, supercooled, superalloy, superhard,superplastic.112Упражнение 27. Дайте для следующих слов:а) синонимыto Start, movement, nowadays, quality, research, various, ameans, manufacture, possess, to occur, consequently, numerous,spacecraft, to use, to substitute, certain;б) антонимыdistant, to stop, few, to reduce, invaluable, unusual, dependence,minimum.Упражнение 28. Выберите английский эквивалент русского предложения из предлагаемых вариантов.1. Он должен идти домой.Не may go home. Не must go home. He had to go home.2. OH должен идти домой в 5 часов.Не must go home at 5 o'clock. He is to go home at 5 o'clock.He may go home at 5 o'clock.3. OH может идти домой в 5 часов.Не may go home at 5.
Не can go home at 5. He must go homeat 5.4. OH должен будет идти домой раньше.Не must go home earlier. He should go home earlier. He willhave to go home earlier.5. Ему следует идти домой.Не should go home. He may go home. He had to go home.6. OH может очень быстро ходить.Не can walk very quickly. He will be able to walk very quickly.He could walk very quickly.7. Ему разрешат идти домой после трех.Не is permitted to go home after 3. He was permitted to gohome after 3.
He will be permitted to go home after 3.8. Ему не нужно идти домой сразу.Не is not allowed to go home at once. He could not go home atonce. He needn't go home at once.Упражнение 29. Заполните пропуски словами because или because of.1. She must go by bus every morning ... she lives far from theinstitute. 2. The students cannot translate this text... it is difficult.3. The planes could not leave the aiфort... the bad weather. 4.
Ourlife has become easier ... the electricity. 5. Critics would say thatthe young people were too passive ... they watched TV so much.Упражнение 30. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.lost, risen, pay, leading, struck, sat.113Упражнение 31. Переведите без словаря.The first step in any industrialization project, for example, onthe Moon should be preparation for plant construction.
It is economically desirable to use local materials for this. It is well-knownthat metals form the most important group of engineering materials. One must know that they possess necessary mechanical andphysical properties. They can be easily fabricated into variousforms by a variety of techniques. They are hard, tough (пластичный), strong and temperature-resistant, a combination of properties not available in any other materials. The properties of metalscan be changed by.
heat treatment so that the fabrication is mucheasier since the work pieces can have properties quite differentfrom those needed in the final product.CONVERSATIONExercise 1. Answer the questions.1. What condition on board a space vehicle can't be simulatedon Earth? (prolonged weightlessness). 2.
What eliminates gravityduring a space flight? (inertia). 3. What can be the industrial use ofweightlessness? (the production of new materials with unusualproperties). 4. What industrial materials can be produced in space?(superconductors, new kinds of alloys, magnetic materials, laserglass, polymers, plastics, etc). 5. What is Russia's contribution tothe development of methods and means of industrial material production in space? (over 600 technological experiments carried outat the Russian orbital space stations).
6. What are the results ofthese experiments? (much better properties of the materials obtained under the zero-gravity condition than those produced onEarth). 7. What is needed for industrial material production inspace? (special space platforms).Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts,1.
Experts estimate that withina few coming years2. Numerous experiments onboard1141. for industrial production ofnew-generation materials at alarger scale is being carried out inRussia, the USA, Europe and Japan.2. very difficult on Earth,3. They may include4. In space there is no gravitational convection5. Convection makes the production of some materials6. But in zero-gravity conditions it is possible7. It should be said that researchand preparatory work3. i.e.
movement of gases or liquids because of difference of temperatures.4. to grow large crystals and tostudy their structure.5. super and semiconductors,metals, glasses, supeфure biologically active substances, etc.6. the industrial production ofvarious materials is to begin inspace.7. the Russian manned and unmanned space vehicles and spacestations proved the advantages ofthe zero-gravity state for the production of some materials.Exercise 3.
Read and learn.Tom: Are you going to attend the seminar tonight?Bill: I should go. Unfortunately, I won't be able to do so.Т.: Why should you go there?В.: The speaker will talk about composite ceramics. I must knowall about this subject. As you know, I'll do some experimentalwork in this field next June. So I'll have to know about it.Т.: In that case, you ought to cancel (отменить) your other plansand attend the seminar. You shouldn't miss (пропускать) it.В.: You are right. But I can't go.Т.: Why can't you?В.: Don't you remember (помнить)? We are to take an exam inFrench tomorrow. I have to study for the examination.T.Do you have to study? Is it a necessity?В.: Well, I suppose the expression «have to study» is too strong.
Noone is forcing me. But I really ought to study tonight. Shouldn'tyou do it too?Т.: I don't have to study. I studied last night and I am sure I canpass it. Besides that, I must attend the seminar.В.: Why must you attend it?Т.: Have you forgotten? I must introduce the speaker to the audience.В.: Yes, that's right.Т.: Well, I have to go now. I may be late. I'll see you later.115Exercise 4. Speak about:L Space industrialization and its importance for mankind.2. The latest achievements in industrial materials production inspace.Use exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for yourtopic : carry out experiments; obtain useful and valuable data; on board a space vehicle; zero-gravity condition; zero-gravity state advantages, materials of betterquality; at a larger scale; in case; according to.Exercise 5.
Read and smile.The teacher was trying to explain the fundamentals of Scienceto her class. «Sir Isaak Newton was sitting under a tree looking upinto it when an apple fell on his head, and from that he could discover the law of gravity. Wasn't that wonderful?»«Yes, it certainly was», a pupil said, «and if he had been atschool at his books, he wouldn't have discovered anything».A Trick on a PresidentW.H. Harrison was the ninth President of the United States.Like so many other early American presidents he was bom in asmall town.
As a boy, he was extremely quiet. In fact, he was soquiet that he had the reputation of being very stupid (глупый). Thetown people therefore often used to play tricks (шутка) on him.For example, they would put a nickel and a dime (монеты в 5 и 10центов) in front of him and tell him to take whichever one hewanted. He would always choose the nickel and they would laughat him.One day, a woman took pity (пожалеть) on him. She said:«William, why do you always choose the nickel instead (вместо)of a dime? Don't you know that a dime, though smaller in sizethan a nickel, is worth (стоить) much more than a nickel?» «Certainly I know it», William answered.
«But if I chose the dime, theywouldn't play the trick on me any more.»Text 6BПрочитайте текст и расскажите о новом способе повышения пластичности и износостойкости режущего инструмента из композиционной керамики.Composite CeramicsAdvanced ceramic materials have such interesting propertiesthat mechanical engineers are becoming more and more interestedin their use as structural parts (конструкционные детали).116Ceramic cutting tools have been in use for some time. However, it is only during the last twenty years that there has been rapiddevelopment in this field because of the development of new composite ceramics.Composite materials are materials in which two or more different substances, such as metals, ceramics, glasses, or polymers arecombined without chemical reaction.
As a result one can produce amaterial with properties different from those of any of the individual constituents. The constituents of a composite would retain theirindividual characteristics.Recently engineers have developed various kinds of compositeceramics which must combine an increased toughness (пластичность) with the same hardness and strength of usual ceramics. Apromising recent development is the addition of a tiny quantity ofmetal to increase toughness and tool life. Thus, at room and hightemperatures (1000 °C) the composite ceramics for cutting toolsshould possess the following properties: high strength, high toughness, high hardness, high thermal shock resistance and high chemical inertness.Text 6CПрочитайте текст, выделите интересные для вас факты и перескажите.Ancient Steel-Making SecretWhen two metallurgists at Stanford University were trying toproduce a «superplastic» metal they became interested in the secretof Damascus steel, the legendary material used by numerous warriors (воины) of the past, including Crusaders (крестоносцы).
Itsformula had been lost for generations.Analyses of a new steel revealed properties almost identical tothose they found in Damascus steel, although their own plasticsteel had been produced by present-day methods.The remarkable characteristics of Damascus steel becameknown to Europe when the Crusaders reached the Middle East inthe Uth century.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
