01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 23
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Such materials will possess quite unusual qualities.108In space there is no gravitational convection^, i.e., movementsof gases or liquids caused by difference of temperatures. It iswell-known that various defects in semiconductors occur becauseof convection. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspectsof convection, for example, in the production of superpure biologically active substances. Convection makes it very difficult onEarth.Following the launch of the first orbital stations the specialistsstarted experiments aimed at proving the advantages of thezero-gravity state for the production of certain materials.
In thiscountry all orbital stations from Salyut 5 onwards were used forthat purpose, as well as rockets. Since 1976 over 600 technologicalexperiments have been carried out on board manned and unmanned space vehicles.The experiments proved that many of the properties of the materials obtained under the zero-gravity condition were much betterthan those produced on Earth. Besides, it has been established thatit is necessary to develop a new science — physics of the weightlessstate — which forms the theoretical basis for space industry andspace materials study.
This science has basically been developed.The methods of mathematical modelling of the hydromechanicalprocess under the zero-gravity condition have been created withthe help of computers.Special space vehicles will also be needed for industrial production of new-generation materials. Research has shown that the acceleration rate on board these vehicles must be reduced to theminimum.
It was found that space platforms in independent flightcarrying the equipment were most suitable for producing materials.These vehicles will have to use their own propulsion systems to approach their base orbital station after a certain period of time. Thecosmonauts on board the station can replace the specimens. Manynew and very interesting projects are planned for orbital stations.Here is one of them. Convection does not allow to grow large protein crystals on Earth.
But it is possible to grow such crystals underthe zero-gravity condition and to study their structure. The dataobtained during the experiments can be useful for the work of laboratories on Earth in using the methods of gene engineering^. Thus,it may be possible to make new materials in space and also to obtainvaluable scientific data for new highly efficient technologies onEarth.Preparatory work for industrial production in space at a largerscale is being carried out in Russia, the USA, Western Europe and109Japan. It should be said that according to the estimates of American experts production of materials in space is to bring 60 billiondollars in the future.Notes to the Text1.
supertransparent laser glass -- сверхпрозрачное лазерноестекло2. to pave the way — проложить путь3. on board (a spacecraft) — на борту (космического корабля)4. to simulate — моделировать, имитировать5. to cancel out — уничтожать, уравновешивать6. stable-state — устойчивое состояние7. in case of melts — в случае расплавов8.
gravitational convection — гравитационная конвекция(перенос тепла под действием силы тяжести)9. gene engineering — генная инженерияУПРАЖНЕНИЯУпражнение 17. Просмотрите текст 6А и ответьте на вопросы.1. What is this text about? 2. Have you seen the label «Made inSpace» anywhere? 3. Why can't certain materials be produced onEarth? 4.
Can all the conditions on board a space vehicle be simulated on Earth? 5. When will it be possible to start industrial production of materials in space? What do you think about it? Can westart such production now? 6. Why can we obtain materials ofbetter quality in space? 7. What equipment is needed for producingmaterials in space? 8. How will this equipment operate?Упражнение 18.
Составьте утверждения, выбрав правильный вариант согласно тексту 6А.1. Many well-known processes go on differently in space due toa) different density.b) the presence of weight.c) the absence of weight.2. The components of stable-state liquid mixtures would separate on Earth because ofa) high temperature.b) different density.c) different conditions.1103.
It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occurbecause ofa) weightlessness.b) solidification.c) convection.Упражвение 19. Найдите в тексте 6А модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Замените эквиваленты соответствующими модальными глаголами.Упражнение 20. Выберите соответствующий модальный глагол.1. Do you live far? (Can, must) we meet here at 7 o'clock? —We certainly (may, can). — Г11 see you later this evening, then.2. Bill, would you help me? Sure, I'd be glad to help you.
What(may, can) I do for you? 3. (Can, may) I take your pen? I've brokenmine. 4. Do you know when Bob comes back from the University?I am afraid he (can, may) be very late. He has an examination tomorrow. He (can, must) study for the examination. 5. Do youhave a stamp (марка)? — No, I'm afraid I don't. You (may, must)go to the post office for this. 6. I'm very much interested in environment problems. I think we (must, may) learn to live in harmony with nature.Упражнение 21.
Укажите предложения с модальными глаголами, выражающими необходимость совершения действия. Переведите.1. As telegraph wires couldn't be hung over the ocean, cableshad to be laid on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. 2. In the next fewyears engineers are to develop computers of more than 2 billionoperations a second. 3. A new kind of telephone may be called avideo-phone. 4. One must know that we shall need a lot of specialists that will be able to work and live in space for a long time.
5. Tosee distant objects clearly, one should change the focus. 6. Within afew coming years a quantity production of various materials is tobegin in space. 7. Some liquid mixture components would immediately separate on Earth because of different density.
8. It should besaid that special space vehicles are necessary for industrial production of space materials. 9. Our group will be allowed to use new laboratory equipment next term. 10. One can see that there is noprincipal difference between iron and copper as conductors.Упражнение 22. Найдите предложения с эквивалентами модальных глаголов to have to, to be to,A.
1. Television has a great number of uses nowadays. 2. Morsediscovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they111could be sent as a sound. 3. That part of this country has become ahighly industrial one. 4. Why couldn't you do it yesterday? — Because I had to go home earlier than usual. 5. This important problem had been solved by the end of 1980. 6. In the past messages toand from Europe had to be sent by ship.
7. Some materials withuseful qualities will have to be produced in space. 8. A historian hasto study a lot of various facts to be able to reconstruct the far past.B. 1. Such metals as iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys aremuch more magnetic than any other substances. 2. In the next fewyears Russian engineers are to complete the work on supercomputers.
3. The main aim of this article is to explain methods andmeans of space industrialization. 4. We are living in an electronicworld. 5. A number of TV stations are to be linked up into a network. 6. Experiments for industrial production of materials inspace are being carried out in many countries. 7. Weightlessness iscreated on Earth, but only for a few seconds. 8. The quality of thesemetal parts is to be very high. 9.
It was found that the accelerationrate on board such vehicles was to be reduced to a minimum.УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫУпражнение 23. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова, и переведите их.requirement, constituent, scientific, distance, agronomist, ancient, density, differ, hardness, structural, various, magnificent,presence, property, culture, conductor, presentation, probably.Упражнение 24. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие словам.surprisingly, difference, equipment, mixture, coming, estimation, weightlessness, production, separately, development, movement, disappearance, functional.Упражнение 25. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных.magnet, industry, absence, speciality, weight, probability, orbit,dynamics, preparation, supertransparency, independence, gravitation, 8ирефиг11у, difficulty, variety.Упражнение 26.
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