Диссертация (1146789), страница 40
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In 1994 Microsoft founder Bill Gates purchased perhaps Leonardo da Vinci‘smost famous scientific writings, the ‗Codex Leicester‘. It contains explanations ofwater movement, fossils and the moon among other things.http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/scientists/leonardodavinci.html20 единиц фактической информации – 100 %229б) Текст для аудированияEdison1. Edison is known as one of the greatest inventors of his time. He invented somuch that it is difficult to say which of his achievements is the greatest. He was anexperimenter and a practical man more than a theoretician.2. Edison did not have any education.
He went to school for only three months.Then he left because he was behind all in the classroom and the teacher consideredhim unapt to learn. His mother became his teacher. The boy loved books and hismother said that he had a wonderful memory.3. When he first visited a public library and saw a lot of shelves with books hedecided that he would read all of them and then he would know everything in theworld. He measured the shelf and decided to read a foot of books every week.4. In 1886 Edison built his first patented invention – an electromagnetic device.
Heplanned to ask three thousand dollars for his invention though he secretly decidedhe would sell it for two thousand if necessary.5. He was invited to a meeting of businessmen who were interested in buying hisinvention, but when he was asked to name a price he was very nervous and quiteunable to speak.6. ―It is no use asking us a big price,‖ said one of the businessmen, ―we‘ve alreadydecided how much we will pay. Forty thousand dollars is our limit.‖ With thismoney Edison established a workshop and began his career as a professionalinventor at the age of twenty-two.7. All his inventions were the result of hard work. He sometimes conductedthousands of experiments.
According to him, the idea that a genius works only byinspiration was absurd. ―Genius is 2 per cent inspiration and 98 per centperspiration,‖ he often said.[Английский для инженеров, 2005, с. 426]Английский для инженеров: Учеб./ Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В. Синявская, О.И.Тынкова, Э.С. Улановская. – 7-е изд., испр. – М. Высш. шк., 2005. – 463 с.18 единиц фактической информации – 100%230Приложение 7 – Материалы для проведения итогового контроляна контрольном этапе экспериментаа) Итоговый терминологический тестЗадание: Choose the correct variant:a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)1.
Petroleum age began with the invention ofthe internal combustion enginethe steam enginethe oil lamp2. Petrol meansoiloil and gasgasoline3. Hydrocarbons are a complex mixture ofinorganic substancesorganic compoundsrock fragments4. Petroleum accumulations are found in the earth’scoremantlecrust5. Fuel resources are distributed on the planetevenlyunevenlyseparately6. Oil and gas business gives petroleum nations hugerevenuestaxesoil prices7. Oil barrel, a unit of oil volume used in the international oil trade, equalsone thousand and fifty nine litersone hundred and fifty nine cubic metersone hundred and fifty nine liters8. Upstream oil sector meansexploration and productionrecovery and processingshipping and sale9. Renewable sources of energy areconventionallimitedinexhaustible231a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)10.Oil export profits of petroleum companies depend onoil demandpolitical decisionsenvironmental situation11.Petroleum occurs mostly inigneous rocksmetamorphic rockssedimentary rocks12.
Petroleum is formed inthe reservoir rockthe source rockthe caprock13. Porosity is measured indarcyper centcubic meters14. Good permeability is important forrecoverydrillingwell logging15. Petroleum traps are sealed withbedrockreservoir rockcaprock16. One of geological conditions of petroleum accumulation isreservoir rock thicknessreservoir formationreservoir depth17.
Petroleum exploration begins withsurface studiesseismic surveywell logging18. Site preparation involvesmappinginfrastructure developmentexploratory drilling19. Derricks and masts are parts ofcirculating systemrotation systemhoisting system20. Drawworks providesrotationhoistingpower supply23221.Top drive generatesa) currentb) torquec) steama)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)22. Drill collars provideweight on bitlubrication of the drill bitwear-and-tear of the drill bit23.
One of the functions of the drilling mud is to make upa wall cakea drill stringcuttings24. Caving in meanspressure dropwell kickcollapse of the well walls25. Drilling mud is kept inreserve pitsbulk tanksmud pumps26. A way to kill the well is injection ofhigh density drilling mudcement slurrybrine27. Blowout preventer is used toshut the well into clean the wellto swab the well28. The upper part of the well is calledbottom holeboreholewellhead29.
A gusher isa wild wella kicking wella flowing well30. To trip in meansto break out a drill stringto run a drill string in holeto pull a drill string out of hole31. Casing is needed to preventcaving inemergency shutdownsticking of the drill pipe233a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)32. Well perforation is performed at the stage ofwell completionstarting production flowcommercial well operation33. Tubing belongs todrilling equipmentproduction equipmentfishing tools34. Production liners as well as gravel packs are considered to bepump-and-compressor equipmentsurface production equipmentdownhole equipment35. Christmas tree equipswellheadwellboredownhole36.
The packer is set to sealthe tubing annulusthe drill string annulusthe casing annulus37. Hydraulic fracturing is applied to improveporositypermeabilitywater content38. Acidizing is performed forwell stimulationmaintaining formation pressurecleaning production equipment39. Gas drive isa natural flow operation modean artificial lift methodan enhanced oil recovery method40.
Beam pumping is the most popularthermal recovery techniquemicrobial recovery techniqueartificial lift technique41. Surfactants, solvents, polymers are used forchemical floodingwater floodingconditioning gas42. Chemical inhibitors are injectedto dry gasto prevent hydrate formationto remove contaminants234a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)a)b)c)43.
Sulfur isan unwanted well stream componenta light hydrocarbon fracture in crudea chemical inhibitor44. Hydrogen sulfide isflammablehighly toxicexplosive45. According to international regulations, gas is usually flaredin case of emergency to prevent explosionsinstead of reinjectionfor disposal46.
Spills arespecific offshore riskscommon consequences of petroleum accidents both onshore and offshorea typical environment impact of petroleum activities just onshore47. Pipeline leak due tomaterial failurepollutionblowouts48. The top priority for any petroleum company isenvironmentmaterial assetshuman life49. Petroleum facilities contingency plans includeexplorationemergency responseequipment and materials supplies50. The main purpose of risk analysis isto work out the safest technological solutionto provide efficient field operationto develop transportation networkКлюч к итоговому тесту1–a2–c3–b4–c5–b6–a7–c8–a9–c10 – a11 – c12 – b13 – b14 – a15 – c16 – b17 – a18 – b19 – c20 – b21 – b22 – a23 – a24 – c25 – b26 – a27 – a28 – c29 – a30 – b23531 – a32 – a33 – b34 – c35 – a36 – a37 – b38 – a39 – a40 – c41 – a42 – b43 – a44 – b45 – a46 – b47 – a48 – c49 – b50 – aб) Устный терминологический тестЗадание:Дайтеанглийскиеэквивалентывыражений, объясните их значение:1.- двигатель внутреннего сгорания- нефтяная корзина ОПЕК- якорь- опорная донная плита- твердый осадок, накипь2.- заправочная станция- горная порода- нормы и правила- спутниковая скважина- танкер3.- горючие ископаемые- освоение месторождения- затраты- утилизация отходов- вместимость4.- обустройство месторождения- буксир- устье скважины- энергоснабжение- транспортировка5.- геологоразведка- буровая установка- технологическое оборудование- факел- морской стояк6.- нефтегазовое месторождение- верхнее строение платформы- подготовка нефти и газа- резервуар-хранилище- жидкостная пробка236следующихслови7.- нефтегазовая держава- мелководье- жилые помещения- шлангокабель- обеспечение надежной и безопасной эксплуатации трубопровода8.- налоговые отчисления- динамическое позиционирование- свая- телеуправляемый аппарат- нефтебаза9.- доходы- буровое судно- решетчатое основание- водолазы- многофазный поток10.- прибыль- качка- глубина моря- очистка трубопровода скребком- разрыв трубопровода11.- марка нефти- остойчивость- трубопровод- нефтеперегонный завод- отложения ( в трубопроводе)12.- стихийные бедствия- понтон- схема разработки месторождения- сырье- торос13.- сейсморазведка- наклонно-направленная скважина- методы увеличения нефтеотдачи- фонтанная арматура- танкер-газовоз237в) Текст итогового контроля для чтения без словаряPiper Alpha1.
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