Диссертация (1146789), страница 41
Текст из файла (страница 41)
The Piper Alpha was a North Sea fixed production platform operated byOccidental Petroleum Ltd. It was, situated on the Piper Oilfield, about 193 kmnortheast of Aberdeen (Scotland) in 144 m of water.2. The platform began production in 1976, first as an oil platform and thenlater it was converted to gas production. There were twenty four wells in operation,the production being delivered to the Flotta oil terminal and to other installationsby three separate pipelines. On 6 July 1988 the platform faced a terrible accidentwhich is considered to be the world's worst offshore oil disaster.3.
The Piper Alpha comprised four modules separated by firewalls. Forsafety reasons the most dangerous operations were distant from the personnelareas. But the conversion of the platform from oil to gas broke this safety concept.For example the gas compression was next to the control room. That played adramatic role in the accident. Like many other offshore platforms, Piper Alpha hadan automatic fire-fighting system. Diesel pumps sucked in large amounts of seawater in order to extinguish any fires.
However, when there were divers workingon the pumps they were switched to manual and could be started only from oneplace.4. There were two large compressors (A and B) installed on the platform forcompressing the gas to be transported to the coast. One of them, compressor A,was not ready, an important valve having been removed for repairs. But noinformation about it was reported to the manager.5. On 6 July 1988 all of a sudden compressor B stopped and could not berestarted. The entire power supply of the offshore construction work depended thenon compressor A.
If the platform lost power, the financial consequences of itwould be enormous. The manager had only a few minutes to bring the compressorback online, otherwise the power supply would fail completely. Knowing nothingabout the removed vital part of compressor A, he was sure that it would be safe tostart it and pushed the button.6. Gas flowed into the compressor and leaked out at high pressure.
It causeda massive explosion and oil fires. There were divers working on that day, meaningthat the automatic fire-fighting system was off. The gas released from the damagedpipelines caused a second, larger explosion which destroyed the entire platform.Only 62 crewmembers survived out of 229 on board that day, 167 being killed.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Alpha22 единицы фактической информации – 100 %238г) Текст итогового контроля для аудированияThe Norwegian Oil Industry Began in the Netherlands1. In 1958 large quantities of gas were discovered near Groningen in theNetherlands.
The rocks in which the gas was found, stretched from land into theNorth Sea to the area between Great Britain and Norway. Since oil and gas areoften formed by the same rocks, there was a possibility of finding petroleum in thesea outside Norway.2. During the summer of 1966 the oil company Esso drilled the first well onthe Norwegian continental shelf. The drilling rig was ―Ocean Traveller‖.
The resultwas dry hole. And many more were to follow during the first period.3. Gradually most people began to doubt that one would make commercialfinds. Traces of hydrocarbons had indeed been found, but nothing that could beproduced. The exploration vessels were leaving the Norwegian fields whenPhillips Petroleum‘s rig ―Ocean Viking‖ started on the 32nd well.4. So far the oil companies had spent some NOK 750 million on explorationwithout making a single ―real‖ discovery. During Christmas 1969 ―Ocean Viking‖hit large quantities of oil. At first one hesitated to say anything about the size of thefield.5. In the spring of 1970, however, it was confirmed that this was a big andcommercial field. The field, then the biggest oil field in Europe, was namedEkofisk.6.
During the fall that same year Elf Aquitaine discovered the Frigg fieldwhich at the same time was one of the biggest offshore gas fields in the world.Ekofisk and neighbouring fields along with the discovery of Frigg broughtoptimism back.7. Exploration activities became more intense than ever. In mid-1971Norway became an oil producer.Norwegian Oil and Gas. The Norwegian Oil Industry Association, 1993.20 единиц фактической информации – 100%239д) Список специальных тем итогового тематического контроля1. Petroleum Age.
Alternative sources of energy.Эпоха нефти и газа. Альтернативные источники энергии2. International oil market and oil price.Международный нефтяной рынок и цена на нефть3. Types of rocks and their properties. Origin of hydrocarbons.Типы горных пород и их свойства. Происхождение углеводородов.4. Formation of petroleum accumulation. Petroleum traps.Формирование залежи. Ловушки нефти и газа.5. Petroleum exploration and its main stages.Поисково-разведочные работы, их основные этапы.6.
Onshore field facilities construction.Обустройство месторождения суши.7. The main systems of a drilling rig and its functions.Основные системы буровой установки и их функции.8. Types of wells.Типы скважин.9. Drilling operations.Буровые операции.10. Production of oil and gas.Добыча нефти и газа.11.
Surface handling of well fluids.Сбор и подготовка скважинной продукции12. Offshore field development.Разработка морских месторождений13. Health, Safety, Environment.Безопасность на нефтегазовых объектах и охрана окружающей среды.14. Well stimulation and enhanced oil recovery methods.Методы интенсификации притока и увеличения нефтеотдачи15. Arctic petroleum fields development.Разработка месторождений Арктического шельфа240е) Вопросы для поисково-исследовательской работы«Техника / Технологии нефтегазовой промышленности»Petroleum Technology in Use:1. What petroleum technology would you like to tell about? О какойнефтегазовой технике /технологии вы бы хотели рассказать?2. What is it used for? What is it its application / function? What is the scale ofapplication (large or small)? Для чего она используется? В чем ее применение,функция? Каков масштаб применения данной технологии (большой илималенький?)3. What is its size: how big or small is it? Каковы ее размеры?4.
What are its main components? What is the function of each component?Каковы ее основные компоненты? Какова функция каждого компонента?5. How does it work (the basic principles)? Как она работает (основныепринципы)?6. What conditions does the equipment work under?(technical parameters,weather restrictions, etc.) При каких условиях работает оборудование(технические параметры, погодные ограничения и пр.)7. How is it operated? Are people needed (How many? What are their duties?)or is it automatic? Is it remotely operated? Как происходит ее эксплуатация,Нужны ли люди для этого? Или она автоматизирована? Управляется ли онадистанционно?8.
Where was the technology developed? (research institute, design bureau, somecompany’s R&D department?) Где была разработана данная технология?(исследовательскийинститут,конструкторскоебюро,научноисследовательский отдел компании)9. Where is it manufactured? (Russian and international suppliers; scale ofproduction) Где ее производят? (российские или зарубежные поставщики,масштабы производства)9. What material is it made from? Из какого она материала?10.
Is it expensive? Дорогая ли она?11. Is it old or new technology? Это старая или новая технология?12. Is it used in many places? (countries, projects, companies) Во многих лиместах она используется (странах, проектах, компаниях)?13. What interesting facts do you know about this technology? (design,construction, application history; accidents due to its failure, etc) Какиеинтересные факты вы знаете об этой технологии (о ее разработке,создании, истории применения, авариях вследствие выхода ее из строя ипр.)241.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
