Диссертация (1146780), страница 40
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Think of a title for each article.The original headlines are given in the appendix at the end of the book.4. VOCABULARY TASKS1. Match a word from the left column with a word or a phrase from the right.decreasesolutionenergy-efficientgreenhouse gas emissionsprotectappliancesreducethe environmenthouseholdmoney in energy costsENERGY STARenergy usesavethe Energy Star programintroduceelectronics5. Fill in the gaps in the sentences.1.
EPA ………………. the Energy Star program in 1992.2. Today the program offers businesses and consumers energy-………………. solutions tosave energy.3. Labeling helps decrease energy ………………. and reduce greenhouse gas …………….4. These new specifications are expected to ………………. the energy use of a DTA byover 70 percent.5.
Americans would ………………. 13 billion kWh and $1 billion in energy costs.2346. PR WRITINGLook at the press releases in exercise 2 again. What information has been omitted? Why is itimportant to include information of this kind?Read the information in the appendix at the end of the book.Write a press release entitled: EPA Announces New Computer Efficiency Requirements.Before you begin writing, look at the list below and at the press releases above to decide whichrelease you could take as a model. Use the following facts: Computers were the first product to qualify for EPA's Energy Star in 1992. New specifications - from July 20, 2007. 180 million computers in use in the USA They consume nearly 58 billion kWh per year (about 2 percent of annual U.S.
electricityconsumption). Expected cut in energy costs: more than $1.8 billion over the next 5 years. These new modifications are expected to prevent greenhouse gas emissions equal to theannual emissions of 2.7 million cars. Stephen L. Johnson (EPA Administrator): "As the driver of America's technologyrevolution, the innovative spirit of the computer industry is now powering our energyrevolution. Through Energy Star, President Bush and EPA are brightening our nation'sfuture, and I applaud these leaders for developing energy efficient computers that aregood for our environment and good our wallets."7. Reading.
Read the press-releases quickly.Which of the releases is targeted at the general public and which is targeted at electronicmanufactures and retailers? Underline the sentences that help you to answer this question. Thefollowing features might help you: quotations, figures and facts, which might be interesting to aparticular group of readers.1.
EPA Supports Electronics RecyclingRelease date: 01/10/2007(Washington, D.C. - Jan. 10, 2007) Retailers and electronics manufacturers voluntarily recycledmore than 34 million pounds of electronics in 2006 as part of their commitment to theEnvironmental Protection Agency's Plug-In To eCycling program.The program is a voluntary partnership between EPA and electronics manufacturers and retailersto offer consumers more opportunities to donate or recycle their used electronics. Since 2003,Plug-In partners have recycled more than 95 million pounds of electronics."Our Plug-in partners have energized the industry to give consumers practical alternatives forrecycling their used electronics," said Scott Sherman, EPA's associate assistant administrator forthe Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
"When these materials are reused andrecycled it is a win-win for both the community and the environment."Electronics are made with valuable resources such as precious metals, engineered plastics, glass,and other materials, all of which require energy to manufacture. Conserving resources helpsreduce emissions and pollution otherwise generated by extracting virgin materials. As a result,Plug-In partner recycling efforts last year generated energy savings equal to the energy needed topower over 7,000 U.S.
homes and prevented greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to annualemissions from 12,000 cars.Plug-In partners have taken various approaches—either national or regional—to give individualsecycling options. Partners may offer online take back or trade-in programs, create partnerships235with local organizations to facilitate collections or host collection events at retail locations, andsupport local recycling events with cities and municipalities. Plug-In partner initiatives aresuccessful because they share responsibility for recycling among manufacturers, retailers,governments, and consumers.
These efforts often complement local recycling efforts.EPA's Plug-In to eCycling Partners include: Apple, Best Buy, Cingular, Dell, eBay's Rethinkinitiative, HP, Intel, JVC, Lexmark, NEC Display, Office Depot, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung,Sharp, Sony, Staples and Toshiba.2. eCycle for Earth DayRelease date: 04/20/2007(Washington, D.C. - April 20, 2007) Don't trash your old computer when you can pass it on forreuse or recycling. That's the ___________ (1) behind EPA's "Pass It on Week," which runsApril 22 – 28, 2007.
EPA is encouraging consumers to use EPA's Plug-In To eCycling partner__________ (2) to find local donation and recycling opportunities for consumer electronics."Americans have the opportunity to make a difference," said Susan Bodine, assistantadministrator for EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. "Donating or recyclingcomputers gives more people access to technology and helps reuse valuable materials, which_____________ (3) energy and reduces green house gas emissions."EPA's Plug-In To eCycling partnership _____________ (4) of consumer electronicmanufacturers and retailers that work to increase safe recycling of electronic products, such ascomputers, televisions, and cell phones.
The partners offer different recycling ___________ (5)to consumers. Some offer online take-back or trade-in programs; some ________ (6) collectionevents at retail locations; still others support local recycling events sponsored by localcommunities.In 2006, the Plug-In partners recycled more than 34 million pounds of electronics, saving enoughenergy to power over 7,000 homes or ___________ (7) emissions from more than 12,000 cars.Plug-In To eCycling partners ____________ (8): Cingular Wireless, Best Buy, Dell, eBay'sRethink initiative, HP, Intel, JVC, Lexmark, NEC Display, Office Depot, Panasonic, Philips,Sharp, Sony, Staples and Toshiba.8.
Vocabulary. Learning skills. Using the right word.Fill in the gaps in the second press-release using the suitable words from the chart below.Explain why the other word in each line is not suitable. What dictionary do you use to comparethe meaning and use of words that can be confused?12345678messageprogramsreducesdependsoptionshaveavoidincludethinkingprogrammesproducesconsistsschemesorganizepreventconsistideaschemessavesincludesuggestionsholdrefusedepend9.
Skills development. Quoting.Look at how the data and conclusions published by the IPPCC and NOAA were quoted in abrochure launched by EPA. Underline the words that refer the reader to the source.236a) According to NOAA seven of the eight warmest days have occurred since 2001.b) The IPCC has concluded that the global warming is partially due to human activities.c) The IPCC projects a six inch to 2 foot rise in sea level during the 21st century.d) The IPCC experts report that the salinity of oceans has decreased.Quote the following.a) NASA: “Arctic sea ice set a record low in September 2007.”b) IPCC: “The global temperature will grow by 3 to 7 F.”c) EU commission: “Carbon emissions rose 3.5 % in 2009 across the European Union, aspower demand and industrial output rose."d) NASA: “Approximately 965 000 square miles of the Amason Forest were affected bythe 2010 drought.”e) IPCC: “Droughts could be more frequent in the Amason region in the future.”f) IPCC: “Non-climate factors such as urbanisation and pollution can influenceecosystems.”g) IPCC: ““There is a measured trend towards less snow at low altitudes in certainareas.”h) IPCC: “There could be more navigation in northern regions due to the decrease in seaice.”Э .i) NASA: “The losses reduce the ability of the sea ice cover to insulate the atmospherefrom the ocean, which increases the amount of heat transferred from the ocean to theatmosphere.”10.
Reading and learning skills development.What do the following stand for? UNEP, IPCC, EPA. What are they called in the Russianlanguage? Read the first paragraph of the te t. What do “actors” and “roles” mean in thiscontext.Environmental policy makersThe world faces today a number of global environmental challenges. Where globalenvironmental problems are concerned, the most significant factor is efficient coordination ofefforts on all levels, from the national to the global level. Let us look at the leading actors andtheir roles in environmental policies making.Here is a list of the many actors that have to cooperate to tackle environmental issues suchas climate change.The United NationsGlobal economic institutions, e.
g. the World Trade OrganisationThe European UnionNational governmentsSub-national governmentsGovernment agencies, e. g. environmental protection agenciesPrivate corporationsNon-governmental environmental organisationsHouseholdsIndividualsThe two later actors are essential because democratic governments cannot developenvironmental policy without public support. On the other hand public opinion affects policymaking.The main barrier to effective environmental policy is the lack of collective action.
Ifindividuals and groups don’t act in an environmentally-friendly way, governments will need to237develop instruments to improve the situation. There are three types of instruments: legislative,economic and voluntary instruments. Voluntary instruments involve, for example, educationcampaigns to raise people’s a areness of environmental issues and ays to achievesustainability results. Government agencies, such as the Environment Agency in the UK and theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the USA act as regulatory body developinglegislation and issuing orders to industry.
These include establishing emissions standards orspecifying quality objectives.But governments around the world are beginning to recognize their inability to addressenvironmental problems on their own. On the international level organizations such as UNEPplay an important role in creation the conditions for intergovernmental cooperation. They ensurescientific consensus collecting, analyzing and distributing scientific data. For instance UnitedNations Environmental Programme (UNEP), in cooperation with the World MeteorologicalOrganisation founded the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC’s firstreport provided the basis for future negotiations on climate change. UNEP also monitor andcoordinate international action, organize conferences and negotiations.There are also a wide range of environmental groups with different aims and strategies.They try to influence environmental policy through different kinds of actions.
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