Диссертация (1098648), страница 47
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Find arguments for and against Russia’s entering WTO.Ministerial Conference approves Russia’s WTO membershipTrade Ministers welcomed Russia as a new member to the Organization andcalled this accession a historic achievement. According to WTO Ministers, Russia’saccession to the WTO will strengthen the multilateral trading system, making theWTO a more universal organization.“This is a historic moment for the Russian Federation and the rules-based multilateral trading system. After an 18-year marathon, the finish line has been crossed.This is a double win for Russia and the WTO.
The package we have just adopted isthe result of hard technical work, led by modernizing political leadership,” said WTODirector-General Pascal Lamy.The Working Party Chair on Russia’s accession, Ambassador StefánJóhannesson (Iceland), said that all members contributed to Russia’s accession, byconstructing the consensus necessary to conclude the accession. The documents before the Ministerial Conference, constituting Russia’s terms of entry into the WTO,resulted from a tough and successful engagement between Russia and WTO members.Igor Shuvalov, Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister, read a special message from theRussian President to the Ministerial Conference which said that this accession wasthe result of a long and complex negotiation favourable to both Russia and WTOmembers.
He added that the WTO will contribute to securing international economicstability and that Russia stood ready to contribute to its work.Russian Economic Development Minister, Elvira Nabiullina, said: “this is anevent we have been awaiting for a long time. In these difficult times, risks of protectionism are looming on the horizon and Russia will contribute to combat protectionism as a WTO member.” She added that this accession was not a finishing line but astarting point for Russia.
At the end of the meeting, Pascal Lamy and ElviraNabiullina officially signed the protocol of accession.270Russia’s accessiontoTHE WTOAGAINST_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ARGUMENTSFOR_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conduct negotiations between the Russian Federation and the WTO representativeson Russia’s membership terms.
More expressions:Favorable termsSuit our countryAccession could be delayedBilateral accession agreementTo negotiate Russia’s accessionAmerican /European demandsTo allow foreign banks to open itsbranchesRussian legislation currently prohibitsMake (no)concessions on the issueimpose sanctions in the event of violationsproblem was politicalhad no economic groundsintellectual property protectionjoin [the WTO] on unfavorable conditionssettled problems over protection of intellectual property rights, insurancepolicies and agricultural machineryWe will not be joining the WTO at anycost271ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 11Учебные материалы по модулю «Олимпийские игры»Read the text Planning Makes the Difference.Robert K.
Barney is professor emeritus and acting director of the International Center for Olympic Studies at the University of Western Ontario in Canada. He is senior author of “Selling the Five Rings: The International OlympicCommittee and the Rise of Olympic Commercialism.”There is no doubt that hosting an Olympic festival produces a large measure of civic pride and psychological satisfaction, vastly superior than a WorldSeries victory or NFL championship. When a host city is placed before the television eyes of two-thirds of the world’s population, the event becomes a magnified public relations and advertising phenomenon, a phenomenon that hasmany short-term benefits on tourism, real estate values and new business.For long-term benefits, host cities should focus on facilities that enhanceurban life.Long-term benefits are another matter.
Civic pride aroused from such anendeavor is fleeting and the monuments built for the spectacle in the form ofstadiums and sporting venues shortly become little more than ghostlyпризрачный reminders of once glorious days. In point of fact, the historical record of long-term benefit from Olympic-related sports facilities is one indeliblyburdened by maintenance and operation costs that rise well above user feerevenue.With few exceptions, unless Olympic sports facilities have great postGames mass appeal for public use (or are dismantled and materials recycled aswas Chicago’s plan), they are a losing proposition to a city; they become “whiteelephants.” Where does one look to find exceptions — Montreal, Seoul, Barcelona, Sydney, Athens?272Find lexical chunks in the text that include the words in the table below.measuremass appealsatisfactionburdened bypopulationsports facilitiespublic relationswhite elephantsphenomenonremindersbenefitsmonumentsurban lifefocus onRead the text Happiness and Other Intangible Benefits.Victor Matheson is an associate professor of economics at the College of theHoly Cross in Worcester, Mass.
He has published numerous articles on theeconomic impact of major sporting events on host communities.Economists generally find that local organizers and sports boosters routinely exaggerate the benefits and underestimate the costs of hosting majorevents such as the Olympics. As a path to riches and long-term economicdevelopment, most Olympic hosts have been sorely disappointed. For example, while Salt Lake City’s hotels and restaurants were packed duringthe 2002 Winter Games, other businesses not directly related to the event,like department stores, suffered significant losses in sales. Overall, economic activity the region actually fell during the Olympics. The 1992Summer Olympics served to put Barcelona on the map as a world classtourist destination.While evidence of any direct economic impact from these types of “megaevents” is lacking, in some cases intangible benefits do exist.
The 1992Summer Olympics served to put Barcelona on the map as a world classtourist destination and the city has experienced a surge in visitors over thepast two decades. Studies of the 2006 World Cup in Germany showed that273the country experienced little in the way of improvements in income oremployment figures, just as most economists would have expected. However, surveys noted a noticeable improvement in residents’ self-reportedlevels of happiness following the event. The World Cup didn’t make theGermans rich, but it appeared to make them happy.If a city is using an expectation of a financial windfall as justification forhosting the Olympics, past experience suggests that the host will be in for arude awakening.
On the other hand, the Olympics are a fun and excitingevent for a city to be a part of. Of course, the residents of Rio don’t reallyneed an excuse to throw a great party.While reading fill in the table bellow.Find the combinations in the text:Noun +NounAdjective +NounVerb + Noun+ PrepNoun + Verb +Prep………….the host will bein for a rudeawakening………….it appeared tomake themhappy………….served to putBarcelona onthe map………….suffered significant losses274Match the word / expression with a definition:A. put something on the map1. to have a lot of problems because of a particular thingB.
white ˈelephant2. literary expensive possessions and largeamounts of money SYN wealthC. boost3. something that is completely useless, although it may have cost a lot of moneyD. riches4. something that gives someone more confidence, or that helps something increase,improve, or become successfulE.
rude awakening5. to make a place famousF. be burdened with/by something6. very unpleasant surpriseG. come in for criticism / blame /scrutiny:7. a sudden increase in amount or numberH. surge in / of8. to be criticized, blamed etc for somethingFill in the gaps:21. It was the Olympic Games that really put Seoul on the map.22. Having suffered significant losses in sales now a company heavily burdened with debt.23. When the theatre first opened it was widely regarded as a white elephant.24.
As a path to riches and long-term economic development, most Olympichosts have been sorely disappointed.25. The poll provided a morale boost for the Conservatives.26. The new bill could be in for a bumpy ride when it is put before parliament.27. Confident that he would win, he had a rude awakening (= very unpleasant surprise) on election day.28. The government has come in for fierce criticism over its handling of thisaffair.29. We have seen a tremendous surge of interest in Chinese medicine.30. In point of fact, the historical record of long-term benefit from Olympicrelated sports facilities is one indelibly burdened by maintenance and operation costs that rise well above user fee revenue.27531.
With few exceptions, unless Olympic sports facilities have great postGames mass appeal for public use (or are dismantled and materials recycled as was Chicago’s plan), they are a losing proposition to a city; theybecome “white elephants.”Write down the arguments for and against hosting the Olympic games based onthe text.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Read the text Not a Rosy Picture.Andrew Zimbalist, a professor of economics at Smith College, is the author of“Unpaid Professionals: Commercialism and Conflict in Big-time College Sports.”The evidence from past Olympic Games hardly suggests that there’s a resounding economic gain from being the host city.
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