first insights into business ocr (835550), страница 25
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Plans may or may notalready be made.•W i l l is a modal verb, so the form is the same for allsubjects: I, yo u , he she, i t etc.Positive• We usually use the shortened forms 'l l and w o n 't inspeech, but we use w ill and w i l l n o t in writing.I ’m g o in g t o spend som e tim e in th e U K to im p ro vem y E n g lish .I ’m n o t g o in g to ta ke th a t lo w -p a id jo b ." I ’l l d e a l w ith th is a p p lic a tio n ," she said.W h a t a re y o u g o in g to do a t th e end o f th e tr a in in gThere w i l l b e a n in tro d u c to ry ta lk fo r n e w re cm its.course?" D o n 't w orry, there w o n ' t b e a w r itte n test, ju s t a no ra l o n e ."W e w i l l n o t a s k yo u to do a w ritte n test o n th isFORMbe + g o in g+ infinitive w ithtooccasion.Unit 8 Language Focus Two, page 86Positive and n e g ative1am'm notyouarearen'the/she/itisisn'tw e /yo u /th e yarearen'tConditional 1, Grammar Reference page 152g o in g to applyPast sim pleUSEWe use the past simple to describe things thathappened in the past and finished at a specific time.Q uestionAm1AreyouIshe/she/itArew e /yo u /th e yg o ing to apply?Compare w ith present continuous forfixed arrangements aboveH e s t a r t e d th e c o m p a n y in 1 9 6 9 .T h e y d i d n ' t m a k e a p r o fit in th e f ir s t year.D i d she w o r k there in 1 9 7 5 ?We often use a tim e reference which refers to thefinished event, e.g.
yesterday, la s t week, la s t n ig h t, threeyears ago, in 1 9 6 9 , in th e f ir s t year.Unit 8 Language Focus One, page 83W illUSEWe use w i l l to talk in general terms about the future,not about a particular time in the future.The tr a in in g p ro g ra m m e w i l l t e a c h y o u a b o u to rg a n is a tio n s ." I ' l l b e here to a n sw e r a n y q u e s tio n s ," she sa id .We w i l l n o t d i s c r i m i n a t e a g a in s t you.151152■Grammar ReferenceFORMFORMverb stem + edhave + past participlePositive and negativel/you/he/she/it/they/we/you1 Positive and negativearrivedl/you/we/you/they/he/she/itdidn't arriveQuestionDid\ arrive?• verbs that end in earrive + d -► arrived• verbs that end in consonant + уstudy -> studyiedlookedgoneHavel/you/we/you/theylooked?gone?Hashe/she/itlooked?gone?/ К Note: The past participle form does not changeto match the person.A Many past simple forms are irregular,He has looked.have: hadbuy: boughtIrregular Verbs page 161Positive and negativel/he/she/ityou/we/theyI have looked.The past participle of some verbs is irregular.The verb to bewaswereUnit 12 Language Focus One and Two, pages133 and 138was not/wasn'twere not/weren'tQuestionWasWerehaven'thasn'tQuestion| l/you/he/she/it/they/we/yougo: wentsee: sawhavehasConditional 1l/he/she/it?you/we/you/they?USEWe use Conditional 1 to talk about future situationsthe speaker thinks are probable, and theirconsequences.Irregular verbs page 161Unit 5 Language Focus, page 47Probable actionsConsequenceIf 1 sell soon.I'll get a better price.we won't buy fromyou.If you introduce animaltesting,Present perfectUSEIf we becomeenvironmentally friendly,We use the present perfect to talk about:1 How a past action has consequences in thepresent.will you invest in us?W ill expresses certainty about the consequence.When we are less sure of the consequence, we canuse may and might.I f your payment is late, we m ay charge interest.The two companies have merged.Past action: They merged.Present result: There is one company now.I f I don't sell the shares now, I m ig h t lose money.We've opened a new office in Paris.Past action: We opened a new office.Present result: We've got a new office in Paris.FORMIf + present simple, + will + infinitive2 An action or state which started in the past andstill continues.The company has had an office in Moscow since 1992.Past starting point: 1992.
The company had an officein Moscow in 1992.Present: The Company has an office in Moscow.She has worked for the family business for 35years.Past: She started working 35 years ago.Present: She is still working there now.152153Conditional 1 sentences have two clauses. We canstart with the i f clause, or the main clause.If clauseMain clauseIf their customers don'tpay on time,their business will suffer.Main clauseIf clauseTheir business will sufferif their customer don'tpay on time.Grammar Reference ШPunctuationWhen we start the sentence with the i f clause, weuse a comma (,) before the main clause.Unit 11 Language Focus One, page 121/ К Modal verbs never change their form.
We do notadd / in the 3rd person singular form, or tensemarkers with modal verbs.He should/ solve the problem.Unit 4 Language Focus, page 38Be careful with third person endings in allmain verb tenses.she takes, he is listening.May, might, and could (possibility)USEWe use these modal verbs to suggest possible reasonsfor something, or to speculate.© MODAL VERBSThe company is now very successful. This m ay bebecause its markets have more money to spend.
Or itm ig h t be because it is under new management.We use modal verbs to:1 give advice and make recommendations.Prices are higher in the UK. This could be because labourcosts are high.C ould this be the reason?(should, ought to)2 express possibility, (may, might, could)3 talk about the future, (w ill)Should and ought to (recommendations)/ К We do not use may in the question form tospeculate. We use could.USEMay it be expensive because labour costs are high?We use should and ought to to recommend change, orto give advice.C ould it be expensive because labour costs are high?You ought to hire a management consultant.They should listen to women's views.You sh o u ld n 't try to change the things you can't change.You ought n o t to postpone the meeting.What should we do? / What ought we to do?Should we change our code o f practice?Ought we to change our code o f practice?Adverbs of certainty.
Grammar Referencepage 159FORMMay, might, could + infinitive without toPositivel/you/he/she/it/we/you/theyFORMmightshould + infinitive without toought to + infinitive without toQuestionMightCouldPostive and negativel/you/he/she/we/you/theyshouldshould not/shouldn'tgol/you/he/she/it/we/you/theybe (right)?Unit 9 Language Focus One, page 95W ill Grammar Reference page 151Questionl/you/he/she/it/w e/you/they|go?Modal verbs for Future possibilityOught toPostive and negativel/you/he/she/we/you/theyought toought not togoNote: We do not usually use ought to for questions.We use should.He ought to go.BUTbe (late)couldShouldShould |mayWe also use may, might and could to talk about futurepossibilities.Might and could express a lower probability than may.I m ay open an account with the Jyske bank.Things are not going well for the company this year, butwe m ig h t be in profit.The share price could fall, but I don’t think it will.► - Unit 10 Business Communication, page 118Should he go?153■Grammar Reference© ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICEW o r d o rd e rActive voiceSUBJECTActive: (Th eWe use th e a c tiv e v o ic e to say w h a t p e o ple an dth in g s d o .OBJECTw o rk e r? ) assemble ( th e c a r p a r t i a l theLongbridge plant.'T h e c o m p u te r c o n v e r t s s o u n d s in t o te x t.SUBJECTT h e w o rk e rs a r e d e m a n d i n g a p a y in c re a s e o f 7%.Passive: ( T h ePassive voiceсаг p a r ts ') a r e assembled at the Longbridgeplant.We use th e p a ssive to say w h a t h a p p e n s to p e o plea n d th in g s .Unit 9 Language Focus Two, page 99T h e s o u n d s a r e c o n v e r t e d in t o te x t.T h e passive is fo rm a l a n d is o fte n used in re p o rtw r itin g .T he s ta ff w e re a ske d fo r th e ir o p in io n s a b o u t th ec a te rin g p ro v is io n .О(.J n g )AND INFINITIVES•A fte r m o s t verbs w e use th e in f in it iv e w it h to .•A fte r som e verbs w e use th e g e ru n d - in g fo rm .•A fte r m o d a l ve rb s w e use th e in f in it iv e w it h o u t to .T h e c o m p a n y a g r e e s to c h a n g e its e t h ic a l p o lic y .Present simple passiveUSEW e c o n s id e r e d m a k i n g th e c h a n g e s la s t m o n th .le a n s a r e s o l d a l l o v e r th e w o rld .T h e c a r p a r ts a r e n o t a s s e m b le d a t th e L o n g b r id g ep la n t .T h e y s h o u l d c h a n g e t h e ir p o lic y .I s th e re p o rt w r i t t e n in E n g lis h ?Som e c o m m o n verbs w h ic h are fo llo w e d b y th eg e ru n d are:We use a passive sentence:12GERUNDSW h e n th e re are tw o verbs to g e th e r in a sentence, wem u s t be c a re fu l a b o u t th e fo rm o f th e second verb.w h e n we are in te re ste d in w h o o r w h a t acts.w h e n it is o b v io u s w h o o r w h a t does th e a c tio n soit is unnecessary to say.start begin stop finish delaypractise im agine consider riskdelay involvecontinueavoidFORMUnit 11 Language Focus Two, page 126b e + past participlePositive an d N e g a tive1a m /'mam n o t/'m no t© TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBSyouare/'reare n o t/a re n 'tM a n y verbs are fo llo w e d b y a n o b je c t e.g.he/she/itis/'sis n o t/is n 'tim p r o v e s o m e th in g , p a y s o m e th in g , r a is e s o m e th in gw e /yo u /th e yare/'reare n o t/a re n 'tThese are c a lle d t r a n s it iv e verbs.invitedQ u e stionAm1AreyouIshe/she/itArew e /yo u /th e yinvited?We fo rm th e present passive w it h th e p re se n t s im p leo f th e v e rb to be a n d th e p a s t p a r t ic ip le .V e rbO b je ctThey im provedthe w o r k in g conditions.They paido u r invoice.He raisedthe question of paym ent.I n t r a n s it iv e verbs d o n o t take an o b je c t,e.g.
fa ll, rise, ariseO u r p r o f it s a r e f a l l i n g .Y e s te rd a y in te r e s t ra te s d i d n ' t r is e .N o te : T he p resent passive is u s u a lly o n ly usedw ith i t a n d th e y - fo r th in g s ra th e r th a n p e o ple.H o w d i d th e p r o b le m a r is e ?T h e y a re m a n u fa c tu r e d in I ta ly .► - Unit 10 Language Focus Two, page 115AI t is b o u g h t m a in l y b y w o m e n .For re g u la r verbs, th e past p a rtic ip le is th e same asth e past s im p le fo rm .Irregular past participles page 161154155Grammar ReferenceYes/No questionsSENTENCES A N D CLAUSESОDIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONSUSEWe usually use direct questions to get information.p o lite in troifsubjectverbCould you tell meCould you tell meififl/you/we/you/theyhe/she/itwork?works?In indirect Yes/No questions we use if.How much does it cost?Does the company have a code o f practice?Unit 1 Language Focus, page 6We use indirect questions to ask 'difficult' or personalquestions or when we want to be polite.Could you tell me what qualifications you have?Can you tell me where I go to get a refirnd?© CLAUSESSentences can consist of one clause, e.g.FORMI'm very pleased.Direct questions: present simple tenseWe often make sentences with two or more clauses.1 Main clause (main idea)We form direct questions with the auxiliary do.Where do you shop?There are delays with the mail order catalogue ...ASubordinate clause (develops the idea)...
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