first insights into business ocr (835550), страница 26
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because we are having problems with the new ITBUT we do not use the auxiliary do with the verbto be.system.Where is the customer service desk?2 We can join two equal clauses.W h-/How questionsQuestion w ordsauxiliary verbsubject| itI doesH ow m uch■I'm really disappointed about the delays a n d Henry isfurious.verb|cost?with beClauses o f purposeUSEQuestion w ordsHow muchverb|isClauses of purpose answer the question Why? orWhat for? They are subordinate clauses.subject\ it?We are doing it now to avoid problems in the future.I need to reduce costs in order to keep within the budget.I need to reduce the costs in order n o t to go over budget.We need to make changes to our advertising so th a t weappeal to a younger audience.Yes/No questionsauxsubjectverbDoDoesl/you/we/you/theyhe/she/itwork?work?He is bringing in a more experienced manager in orderthat they don't lose more time and money.with beto besubjectAmIsl/you/we/you/theyhe/she/itIn order that and in order to are more formal than toand so that.Ш Я ШOK?OK?FORM1 To introduce a clause of purpose we use:toinsoinIndirect questions: present simple tenseW h-/How questionspolite in troductio nquestionw ord(s)C o u ld y o u te ll m eh o w m uchsubject*verb| costs?questionw ord(s)C o u ld y o u te ll m eh o w m uchNegativeThe negative of to is in order not to.I ’ll write it down in order not to forget it.with to bepolite in troductio n+ infinitiveorder (not) to + infinitiveth a t + subject + verborder th a t + subject + verbTo make a negative of so that and in order that, wemust change the second clause:subjectverbКWe are buying new software so that we won’t have to doso much paperwork.He's leaving early in order that he won't miss the plane.Unit 4 Writing, page 42155156■G ra m m a r ReferenceDefining relative clausesNotice that they use different grammatical structures.These clauses give Important information about thenoun.althoughAlthough it's late, I'm still at the office.I'm still at the office although it's late.A retailer is a person w ho/that buys goods from themanufacturer.This is the department store w hich/that Peterson owns.We choose a relative pronoun depending on whetherthe noun is a person or a thingPersonth in g (s )But is a co-ordinating conjunction and joins twocontrasting ideas of equal importance.
It comes inthe middle of the two ideas.(p la c e ) w h e rehoweverThe new M l) is a woman. However, her managementstyle is quite masculine.The new MD is a woman. Her management style,however, is masculine.( tim e ) w h e nHowever is formal. It contrasts the idea in the secondwhoth a th utI like her style, b u t I don't like her ideas.th a tw h ic hsentence with the idea in the first sentence.Unit 6 Language Focus Two, page 63U nit 8 W riting, page 91Clauses of causeThese conjunctions (linking words) introduce aclause of cause or reason. They answer the questionWhy?becauseasSequence markersWe use sequence markers to list and sequence things.sin ceThe conjunctions link cause and effect within onesentence.
They can come in mid position or at thestart of the sentence.E ffe c tF irs tS econdThenL a s tlyCauseC o n ju n c tio nClauseHe had to goto the USA ...becauseassince... no one backedh im in theUK.CauseE ffe ctC o n ju n c tio nClauseM a in clauseBecause ...no one backedh im in th e UKhe had to g o toth e USA.F irs t o f a llS e c o n d lyA fte r t h a tF irs tlyT h irdT h ird lyN extF in a llyN o w / t o d a y ( f o r c u r r e n t s itu a tio n )M a in clauseAs ...© SEQUENCE MARKERS AND CONNECTORSWhen we list ideas or arguments we usually use:firstly, secondly, thirdly, lastly, finallyThere are a number o f reasons for this: firs tly theeconomy is weak, secondly labour costs are high andfin a lly there is strong competition.When we talk about actions we usually use:first (of all), then, next, after that, next.First o f a ll they designed a new type o f shoe, then theyfound a manufacturer to make it.
A fter th a t they startedto export it.Unit 7 W riting, page 76Clauses of contrastWORD ORDERClauses of contrast give information that surprises, orcontrasts with the main clause.In order to make the sequence of actions clear weoften start the sentence or clause with thesequencing word.M a in clauseClause o f c o n tra s tThere are m ore m enthan w o m e n in verysenior jobs ...... a lth o u g h there arem an y w o m e n in business.We use the conjunctions although, however and but toshow contrast between ideas.a lth o u g hbuthow ever156157First o f a ll they invented the shoe. Then they took theirdesign to a shoe manufacturer.Firstly I'd like to look at the company history, then I'dlike to look at the present situation and lastly I ’d like totalk about our plans for the future.U nit 5 W riting, page 52Grammar Reference ЯConnectors of effectThe following phrases introduce effects orconsequences.in a d d itio nWe usually use in addition at the start of a secondclause.os a resultthereforesoClause 1Clause 2The company isopening five branchesthis year...
and in addition it ishoping to open two morein japan next year.They link a cause and an effect.Unit 9 Writing, page 98CauseEffectThe product wastoo expensive.As a result, sales were poor.Sales therefore were poor. ORTherefore, sales were poor.As a result, and therefore link two sentences. Theyoccur in the second sentence and refer back to thefirst sentence.Connectors for rephrasing and givingexamplesRephrasingIt is sometimes useful to say the same thing in twodifferent ways. We can use the following expressionsto introduce explanations.in other wordsthat is to sayi.e. (in writing only)So is a conjunction and links cause and effect in onesentence, telling you what the effect is.CauseEffectThe product wastoo expensiveso sales were poor.► - Unit 7 Writing, page 76in other wordsWe use in other words to introduce a simplerexplanation of the previous clause or sentence.We use it at the start of a sentence or clause.Profit is 10% above the figure at the same time last year.In other words, we're doing well.Connectors to show additionalinformationi.e.We use these connectors to give additionalinformation.There is a lim it on the amount o f money you can investi.e.
$100,000.too/as wellalsoin additiontoo/as w ellLabour costs are high. Inflation is high as well/too.We use too or as well at the end of a clause.alsoWe use also to link two pieces of information.A Also usually comes before the second verb.The country has high inflation and it also suffers fromhigh unemployment.When the verb is to be we put also after the verb.Marks and Spencer is a successful company.
It is also avery large company.We use i.e. or that is to say to explain the exactmeaning of the previous clause.Giving examplesIt can be useful to give examples to make your pointclear.for example e.g. such asfor exampleThis is sometimes written e.g.Word orderWe usually put for example before the example:The euro replaces many currencies, fo r example, theDeutschmark, the franc, and the lira.We can put for example after the example.The euro replaces many European currencies - theDeutschmark, fo r example.Such as always introduces a noun and comes beforethe noun.It shows important information such as turnover,operating profit, etc.Unit 10 Writing, page 113157158■Grammar ReferenceОAVOIDING REPETITIONADJECTIVES A N D ADVERBSWe can avoid repeating a noun by using these wordsand phrases:••ADJECTIVESOrder of adjectives• ittheythis that these thoseone/ones one of themОothersI t refers back to singular noun.(QHt^is an international air express carrierjjt)ieliversdocuments and packages a ll over the world.They refers back to a plural noun.We often use only one adjective before a noun and itis very unusual to use more than three of them.When we use more than one adjective before thenoun, we usually follow this order:(Г)smartThere are 300 H M V Group £tore§)around the worid^ h e y ^are located in eight countries.We use this, th a t, these and those to refer back to:1 nouns-—Many companies are fiiiltin a tio n a ls ^ h e s e y ncludeDaimler Chrysler, Sony, Reuters, etc.2 whole sentences or clausesMany people believe Companies do not care about t h e j<(’nvironmenFtrhis)is not true o f companies such as theBody Shop.one( s)We use one to replace a singular countable noun.He's looking forfe jo fi^He’d like^ n e y vith Sony.In the plural we use ones.There are different types offfompanies^I buy from the^ n e f f vith a strong code o f practice,one o f them :We use one o f them to replace a singular noun.Many (otnpaniesjproduce jeans.
Levis Strauss & CrHsIpne)(One company of the many which producejeans.)othersWe use others instead of other + plural noun.Some companies have a code o f practice and others(other companies) do not.U n it 2 W ritin g , page 20Q)©©©©opinion size shape colour origin material nounbigwideblackFrench leatherbagU n it 7 Language Focus One, page 71Comparatives and superlativesUSEWe use the comparative to compare two items:The grey suit is smarter than the brown suit.We use the superlative to compare one item with twoor more other items:The black suit is the smartest.FORMAdjectives w ith one syllable• We add -er to form the comparative and the + -estto form the superlative.smart: smarter, the smartest• For adjectives that end in e, we add -r to form thecomparative and -est to form the superlative,wide: wider, the widest• For adjectives that end in a vowel + consonant wedouble the consonant.big: bigger, the biggestAdjectives w ith two syllables that end in у• comparative: у -* i + -ercraziersuperlative the + -lestthe craziestOther two syllable and longer adjectives• Adjectives form the comparative with more +adjective and the m ost + adjective, more stylish, themost stylish/more expensive, the most expensiveth a nWe use than after a comparative.You are smarter th a n him.as ...
asTo show that two things are equal (or not) we use(n o t) as + adjective + as.He is as smart as you.He is not as smart as you.To form the opposite of the comparative andsuperlative forms more/the most we can use less/the158■Grammar Reference© BOTH ... AND, EITHER ...O R , NEITHER ... NORboth (+ noun) and (+ noun)^4 a quarter, ^ 2 a half, 3/f4 three quarters.U n it 10 Language Focus, page 109Both ... and shows that two things, are compared.Both Traidcraft and Cafedirect pay first world prices.neither (+ noun) n or (+ noun)We use neither ... nor to show two options areexcluded i.e. to say that the two options are notpossible or true.G u id e to p ro n u n c ia tio nN either Traidcraft nor Cafedirect pays third world prices.VOWELSeither (+ clause) or (+ clause)Either...
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