ДИПЛОМ ЧУМАЧЕНКО В.Р. (1235999), страница 12
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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ А
Раздел _____________1______________
Номер раздела
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF INNOVATIVE AND INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES
AT THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Заголовок раздела
Студент гр. ______346______ ___________________ (И.О. Фамилия)
Номер группы (подпись)
___________________
(дата)
Консультант кафедры _____________________________
(название кафедры)
____________________________ ____________________ (И.О. Фамилия)
(должность, учёная степень, звание) (подпись)
_________________
(дата)
1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF INNOVATIVE AND INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES AT THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT
1.1. The concept and feature of investments and innovations
In the broadest interpretation, the investments are defined as capital investment for the purpose of its subsequent increase.
Investments (in the Latin language, it means “ to invest”) represent all the types of property holdings and intellectual valuables that have monetary value and contributed by the investor into the objects of entrepreneurial activity for the purpose of achieving any useful result.
Investment activity is investing and implementing the practical actions for making a profit and (or) achieving another useful effect.
Investments include: real and personal property; funds, trust deposits; securities; intellectual property; land use right, its subsoil, and other natural resources.
Investments in fixed capital (fixed assets) including costs for new construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re – equipment of operating enterprises, acquisition of machines, equipment, tools, inventory, design and survey work, and other costs are called capital investments.
Capital investments are called investments in physical assets or capital bridge investment. In addition, the financial (portfolio) investments and intellectual investments are distinguished.
Investment activities are regulated by the current legislation. Thus, the investment activity carried out in the form of capital investment is regulated by the Federal Law of 02.01.2000 № 22 – FL "On investment activity in the Russian Federation implemented in the form of capital investments". The Law defines the legal and economic bases of investment activity in the form of capital investments on the territory of the Russian Federation, and also establishes guarantees of equal protection rights, interests and property of subjects of investment activity in the form of capital investments irrespective of forms of ownership.
The English term “innovation” is defined as a new application of scientific and technical knowledge, leading to success in the market. It is accepted that the concept of "нововведение" is the Russian version of the English word “innovation”. The literal translation from English – "introduction of innovations" or "innovation". Under the “innovation” is understood a new order, a new custom, a new method, an invention, and a new phenomenon. The Russian word – combination "нововведение" (literally – "the introduction of the new") refers to the process of using innovations. Thus, since the adoption to the spread of innovation acquires a new quality – it becomes an innovation (innovation).
In daily practice, as a rule, the concepts «новшество» (novelty), «новация» (novation), «нововведение» (new developments), «инновация» are equaled. Any inventions, new phenomena, the types of services, or methods get public recognition only when being taken to the distribution (commercialization) and already in their new capacity, they act as innovations. It is well – known that the transition from one quality to another requires the expenditure of resources (energy, time, finances, and the like). The transition process of the innovation into the new developments also requires investment of different resources; the main ones are intellectual and educational resources, investments, and time.
Currently, the concept of innovation adopted in the International Standard documents is shared by most of the theorists and practitioners in the field of management. It is taken as a basis in formulating the regulatory framework on innovation in our country, the development of concepts, programs, and other strategic documents on innovation.
The main properties of innovation are scientific and technical novelty and commercial feasibility, i.e., the innovation is feasible on the market which means its ability to meet certain demands of consumers.
The following characteristics of innovation can be distinguished:
– Novelty (scientific and technical, economic and managerial, social, etc.);
– Practical significance (the possibility of introducing innovations on the already achieved level of development of science, engineering, technology, and manufacture);
– Commercial usefulness (the great demand for the development by the market environment; this is the condition for the innovation effectiveness.
The new idea by itself reflected in the diagrams and the drawings is not an innovation yet if this idea has not been implemented in the used in practice the products, services, or processes. Only implemented in the products or processes the new ideas are called ‘innovations’. In addition, in a market economy, the practical embodiment of a new idea is closely related to the criterion of its commercial feasibility through launching the new (innovative) products or services on the market.
Thus, innovation is the systems of technical, technological, and organizational innovations brought to the stage of practical use and ensures commercial viability on the market economy. Innovation is inherent in such features as scientific novelty, the practical feasibility, and commercial viability. Only the simultaneous presence of all characteristics of the object of study can relate it to this economic category.
1.2. Classification of investments and innovations. Innovation cycle
Investments can be classified according to the following criteria: form and type of investments, industry basis, and level of investor, source of funds, systemic basis, the field of investments, reproductive and technological structure, and type of investments object.
According to the form of investments, they are classified into cash and in kind (material, labor, information, and fuel and energy resources).
By the type of investments, they are divided into real, financial, and intellectual property. Real investments are the capital directly invested into the investment project implementation. Financial investments are investments into the stocks, bonds, and other securities, and Bank deposits. Financial investments can be allocated to implementation of investment programs and projects only partially. Among financial investments, the portfolio investments are distinguished, such as a set of securities (the portfolio securities) that minimize financial risk of an investor. Investing into the intellectual property is the costs for acquiring the property rights, licenses, patents, and the like.
In accordance with the industry attribute, the investments are divided into investment into industry, investment into agriculture, and investment into transport, etc.
The investor determines the level of investments from the federal and regional sources, the resources allocated by the local administration, the funds of enterprises and organizations, and the private investments which, for example, can be implemented through buying the Securities (stocks, bonds, etc.) by the population.
Depending on the source of funding, the budget – funded, private, raised, and borrowed investments are specified. For example, as private investment funds, enterprises can use the part of the profits, as the raised funds – from the sales of shares, as the borrowed funds – the Bank credits, and the budgetary funds – subsidies and guarantee.
In the investing area, the investments are divided into productive and non – productive investments (housing, cultural – household, and public building).
To justify the priorities and process optimization of innovation management and reasonable investment into the innovation processes, the classification code of innovations, innovation processes, and novelty is used in which there are two levels:
1. The group by baseline characteristics (degree of novelty, innovation potential etc.);
2. The group of technological concepts and standard parameters based on the baseline characteristics.
Innovations are differentiated according to the degree of novelty (absolute, relative, conditional, and partial) and innovative potential (radical, combined, and modified).
Innovations are classified according to the degree of complexity of the innovative product (simple, complex, modified, and the like), the area of development (industrial, social, financial, etc.), and the levels of management hierarchy of social production (federal, regional, sectorial, and intra – company).
Innovations vary based on the applications and stages:
– Technical innovations usually appear in the manufacture of products with the new or improved properties;
– Technological innovations emerge when applying the improved and better methods of manufacturing the product;
– Organizational and managerial innovations are primarily associated with the processes of optimal organization, transport, distribution, and supply;
– Information innovation solve problems of rational organization of information flows in the field of scientific and technical and innovative activities, improve the reliability and timeliness of information;
– Social innovations are aimed at improving working conditions, solving problems of health, education, and culture.
This classification has identified the main thing: the processes of innovation are manifold and different in nature, therefore, the forms of their organization, scope and methods of influence on innovative activities of enterprises are also diverse.
The implementation of the innovation process, its phases, stages, and results can be presented in the form of the innovation cycle. The period of time from the origination of the innovative ideas and the creation of this innovation to its spread is called the innovation cycle.
The innovation cycle is the model used for the effective analysis of the life cycle of a new product and its successful management. Innovation, i.e., the creation of new products, processes, and services is a basic process when creating a (long – term) competitive advantage.
The innovation cycle usually consists of several stages, and depending on the type and form, innovations may undergo various changes.
In modern literature, there is no unity on the concepts of the innovation life cycle and the innovation cycle; as a rule, there are different models of innovation cycles.
However, the innovation processes are often complicated and difficult to manage. This model shows what stages in the life cycle of innovations are the most important and what it is necessary to focus on in the first place.
The innovation cycle consists of four stages:
Stage 1: research and development of innovations.
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