Диссертация (1168413), страница 31
Текст из файла (страница 31)
Russia first factories werebuilt before the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. Workers for these any factories wereserfs. Because they were serfs, they were forced by their landlords to leave the fieldsand labour in the factories instead. These men and women were basically slaves, andmany worked their whole lives in the terrible conditions of Russia's first industries.164Even after emancipation, conditions for workers remained awful. They worked 12hours a day, and often had to work nights as well. Although they were not serfs anymore, their wages were still very low. Between 1860 and the end of the century,although money wages for factory workers rose, Inflation meant that the real value oftheir wages fell dramatically.Most factory workers were seasonal workers whose real homes were in thecountryside.
They came to industrial centers like Moscow and St Petersburg to work formany months, leaving their families behind in the village, make sure that these workersdidn't leave, many factory owners only paid their workers twice a year. As in otherEuropean countries at the time, the Russian industrial labour force in the 19thcentuiyincluded many thousands of children – especially in the mines and in the textileindustry. In the 1880s, almost ten per cent of all textile workers were children under 15years old. These children, and the millions of other factory workers in Russia, paid theprice for Russia’s economic growth at the end of the 19th century.165Приложение 2Тексты на английском языке, использованные в ходе опытноэкспериментальных работ со студентами, обучающимися по специальности:«Таможенное дело»Text 1Russia, France, Germany and several other mostly European countries signed thefirst-ever international treaty to combat the growing multibillion-dollar counterfeitdrugs industry.The Council of Europe-sponsored Medicine Convention, signed in Moscow,obliges signatory states to criminalize a broad range of activities that make possible thesale of fake medicines that harm patients and deprive legal producers of revenues.Health and Social Development Minister, who signed the treaty on behalf ofRussia, said the government would beef up penalties for the crimes to comply with thenew requirements.
The convention introduces minimum standards for the criminal lawof the signatory countries.«The global trend has been that these crimes were often not considered as seriousenough to merit criminal law measures».Ambassadors and diplomats of Austria, Finland, Italy, Israel, Iceland, Portugal,Switzerland and Ukraine have signed the treaty. It establishes as criminal offenses suchactivities as the manufacturing of counterfeit medical products (including equipment),their supply and offers to supply, trafficking and the falsification of related documents.In an Interpol operation last month, law enforcement officers seized more than2.5 million doses of fake and unlicensed medicines in 79 countries. The drugs werebeing sold on pharmacy web sites that were run, hosted or facilitated by Russians orChinese, while most of the counterfeit products came from Chinese suppliers.According to the World Health Organization, counterfeit medical products sometimesaccount for more than 50 percent of market value in developing countries.
In some parts ofEurope they represent between 6 percent and 20 percent of the market. That number is lessthan 1 percent in developed countries where there is efficient regulatory control.166Text 2Following a series of drunken brawls and hijack attempts by airline passengers, asenior Interior Ministry official called for a complete ban of alcohol on flights.Head of the ministry's transport security department said the ban would beconsistent with existing laws banning alcohol consumption in public places and shouldbe implemented on domestic and international flights.All of the arguments and aggressive behavior of passengers are linked to the useof alcohol. Drunken passengers are involved in hundreds of onboard incidents each yearon Russian airlines, many of which do not result in police intervention.Transport police registered 50 cases of aggressive behavior by passengers aboardplanes last year. Transport police are already stopping visibly intoxicated passengersfrom boarding planes.In October, a drunken passenger on a Turkish Airlines flight to St.
Petersburgtried to hijack the plane, claiming he was carrying a bomb. Passengers overpowered himafter he handed over a note with his demands.Aeroflot does not support an alcohol ban aboard its planes, calling instead fortougher punishments for inebriated passengers, airline spokeswoman said. The airlinewants to increase fines for onboard drunkenness and hooliganism and introduce thepossibility of jail time for unruly passengers, as in other countries. Drunken passengerswho disobey flight staff now pay a "ridiculous" fine of 1,000 rubles ($29).Passengers are not allowed to drink alcohol purchased in duty-free stores onboard, a rule frequently disregarded by travelers on Russian airlines.
Flight staff canonly warn them of this rule verbally and hand them over to police at the end of the flightif they fail to comply.While most drunken incidents on Russian flights are sparked by passengers, therehave been cases of flight attendants overindulging. In one incident in July 2004, passengers on an Aeroflot flight from Moscow to the west Siberian town of Nizhnevartovsksaid three male flight attendants got drunk and beat up a passenger who complainedabout poor service.167Aeroflot passengers on a Moscow-New York flight in late December refused tolet the plane leave the airport after becoming concerned that the pilot was drunk whenhe had trouble making the welcome-aboard announcement. Aeroflot, which replaced thepilot after an hour long standoff with the passengers, says subsequent tests showed thatthe pilot was not drunk but might have suffered a stroke shortly before the flight.Text 3Drag police have arrested a Moscow region man on suspicion of growing copiousamounts of cannabis in his apartment and selling it to the teenage patrons of a danceclub that he operates nearby.
Officers from the regional branch of the Federal DrugControl Service arrested the man in his apartment in the city of Voskresensk afterreceiving a tip that he was cultivating large amounts of cannabis, Drug Controlspokeswoman said.Upon searching the apartment, the police discovered indoor growing equipment –including heat lamps and automatic watering devices – and learned that the suspect hadtapped an outdoor power line in an apparent attempt to save money on his electricity bill.Police confiscated 84 cannabis plants along with 190 grams of marijuana and astash of hashish.
Police also confiscated several packages of different sorts of hempseeds – a veritable starter's kit for growing marijuana – that the suspect had apparentlyreceived in the mail from abroad.The suspect, who is reported to be 35 years old, has been charged with possessionof a large amount of an illegal substance.
A conviction carries up to 10 years in prison.Police were preparing to also charge the suspect with selling the marijuana and hashishto teenagers who frequented a dance club that he ran in Voskresensk. They declined toidentify the club and to comment on the tip that led the police to the suspect. "We arestill trying to establish the entire network of dealers before we charge him with dealing,"the official said. "There was too much in the apartment for him to sell all by himself."Cannabis gardeners were rare but not unheard of in the Moscow region. The policehave had about five such cases in the last six months. Separately, drug police on the same168day detained a Moscow region teacher on suspicion of selling drugs to his students.
The35-year-old man was carrying 1.6 kilograms of opiates when he was arrested.Text 4The Interior Ministry reports that the Police have seized more than 1.2 millionbottles of counterfeit perfume and eau de toilette worth $5.7 million that apparentlywere imported from Poland.Last week the police searched the premises of a Russian firm that had beenimporting and selling fake perfume, a spokesman for the ministry’s Economic SecurityDepartment said. The ministry didn’t identify the firm, saying only that it was locatedon Rostovskaya Naberezhnaya in Moscow.The toiletries with “obvious signs of counterfeiting” were found in the firm’swarehouse, the spokesman said.
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