Диссертация (1146969), страница 29
Текст из файла (страница 29)
After he made an experiment, he checked the results.After______________________________an experiment, he checked the results.8. Before you get a reward, you should accomplish the work.Before______________________________________ ,you should accomplish the work.9. As soon as I had finished reading the book, I returned it to the library._____________________________, I returned it to the library.10. When we are sleeping, we are actually looking at something.When______________________, we are actually looking at something.178Part 4. Методика на дополнениеPut each of the following words/word combinations into its correct place (1–5) in thepassage below.
There is one extra word/word combination which you do not need touse. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in the table.rote memory rehearsal memory span storage capacity cortexpsychologists retrievalMemory is a common sense concept as well as intelligence but it has caused much troubleto psychologists. Memory is located in the centre of the nervous system on (1) _____________ ofthe brain.Information is to be received in primary memory by a process called (2) ____________.When this process is prevented or disrupted, you cannot remember information stored in shortterm memory. Information received through the senses is stored and utilized as needed, within thelimits of (3) ______________ that is inflexible individual characteristic.
One way to determine itis to measure the (4) ______________, the number of the items to be recalled by an individualafter just one presentation.We can postulate four processes concerned with what is normally thought of memory:remembering, retention, (5) ____________, forgetting.012345psychologists.179Приложение 3. Анкета студента после прохождения предтестаОтветьте на приведенные ниже вопросы:КомментарииСоответствовал ли языковой материалтестовых заданий лексическому играмматическому материалу,изучаемому на занятиях?C вашей точки зрения:Каким аспектам языка следуетуделить больше внимания во времяаудиторных занятий?Каким видам заданий следует уделитьбольше внимания во времяаудиторных занятий?Какие учебные умения вамнеобходимы? (подготовкапрезентации, выступление сдокладом)Какие задания были наиболеетрудными и почему?В разделе «Чтение»В разделе «Практическоеиспользование языкового материала»Достаточно ли было отведенноговремени на выполнение заданий?180Приложение 4.
Образец экспериментального теста для проведенияитогового тестированияФамилия Имя Отчество студента………………………………………………………………Тест по английскому языкуИнструкция по выполнению тестаТест по английскому языку состоит из 4 разделов («Чтение», «Использование языковогоматериала», «Письмо», «Говорение»)Сегодня вы будете выполнять задания разделов «Чтение» и «Использование языковогоматериала».Раздел 1 «Чтение» включает 2 задания. Рекомендуемое время выполнения заданий раздела— 35 минут.Раздел 2 «Использование языкового материала» включает 4 задания. Время выполнениязаданий раздела — 50 минут.Внимание! Выполняйте задания на выданных вам листах и не забывайте после окончаниявыполнения заданий переносить ответы в бланк ответов в конце каждого раздела.Желаем успеха!181Раздел 1.
ЧтениеTestReadingPart 1You are going to read a magazine article about common beliefs . For questions 1–6, choose oneanswer (A, B, or C) which you think fits best according to the text. Write your answers in thecorresponding boxes in the table.As armchair psychologists, we all have common-sense theories about which personalitycharacteristics go together. Research has shown that we tend to expect clever people to be alsowarm-hearted and that they are unlikely to be self-centered.
We expect frank people to be braveand shy people to lack ambition.Psychologists believed that we develop a folk psychology, where each culture generatesstories about what people are like and how they act, as we need to categorize things in order tounderstand them.Sometimes these narratives give us useful shortcuts. When I get to a train station to meetsomeone I've come to interview for a programme, I use all sorts of conventional ideas based ontheir job to guess which person it could be. These are stereotypes and I might be wrong — butwhen I'm right, it saves me having to approach everyone on the platform.However, scientists have discovered recently that, based on nothing more than aphotograph, we're happy to decide a good-looking person is not only attractive, but sociable,humorous and interesting.
Even your name can lead to certain expectations. Over the years, variousexperiments have found teachers gave higher marks to essays from pupils with the most 'intelligent'names, despite the essays being identical.When we try to predict someone's behavior, we tend to overestimate the influence ofpersonality and to underestimate the effect of situation. If someone asked you how good you wereas a manager, you might give specific examples of how you reacted in certain circumstances.
Butif someone asked you how good a manager your boss was, would you take into account thecircumstances this person has to deal with at work or make your decision based on what you thinkthey're like as a person?The less information we have, the more likely we are to rely on stereotypes to fill in thegaps. Short descriptions have been suggested as a way of screening for terrorists boarding planes,so that people could be selected basing on seemingly suspicious behavior.
But given what we knowabout the way our brains make guesses, how automatic and ingrained the stereotypes are, wesimply couldn't guarantee that the quick decisions officials have to make won’t be influenced bystereotypes.1821. Research has shown thata) the common theories many of us use have much sense.b) intelligent people are mostly considered to be friendly.c) we generally don’t like self-centered or shy people.2. We develop a “folk psychology” becausea) each culture generates stories about people’s personalities.b) it always helps us to get an insight into people’s hidden characteristics.c) it’s easier for a human mind to perceive things using certain patterns.3. When the author meets a person she is supposed to interviewa) her approach is often influenced by the job image.b) her use of stereotypes always helps her.c) she sometimes approaches everyone on the platform.4.
Studies show thata) a photographic image makes us believe that we can judge the character.b) teachers are more likely to give higher marks to good-looking students.c) students with “intelligent” names often write more profound essays.5. When we try to predict someone’s behavior wea) tend to take into account the impact of the situation.b) judge our superiors by their managing their work.c) judge ourselves in connection with a particular situation.6. Attempts to find terrorists boarding planes often fail becausea) people making examination have unreliable information.b) the process used is affected by certain beliefs.c) our brains sometimes make decisions too quickly.183Part 2You are going to read a magazine article about self-deception.
For statements 7–16, decide if thestatement is true (T), false (F) or not given (NG). Write your answers in the corresponding boxesin the table.7. People tend to construct deceptive statements with the goal to gain power over the world.8. The second type of deception involves people who do not understand what happens in reality.9. Self-deception can continue because people engaged in it make more and more mistakes.10. Dissonance theory explains how people justify their actions by creating unrealistic but favorable pictures of themselves.11. Unjustly neglected painters are engaged in self-deception very often.12. Trying to look good in the eyes of the experimenter people were ready to hurt fellow humanbeings.13. Dissonance theory underlies all case-studies where subjects committed motiveless crimes.14. The authors characterize President Bush as the one clinging to his positive self-image.15.
According to the authors people with negative self-view often erode notion of achievement.16. The authors attribute their theory to only approximately 70% of the population.184We often have to use all our powers of persuasion to get our opponents agree. Even thoughwe don’t tell them any lies we are not entirely honest with them.There are at least two kinds of deceptive statements.
The more common and familiar typeis made willfully, with the goal of misleading listeners into believing something that the deceiverknows to be untrue. The second sort is made when the speaker has persuaded himself thatsomething false is actually true. Authors Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson focus on this lattercategory, which involves self-deception. Self-justifications of this sort are especially dangerousbecause they allow the person making them to feel better. Thus emboldened, he or she will notonly fail to take corrective action but will be prone to make additional mistakes, be untruthfulabout them and so on.The central tenet of the authors' version of dissonance theory is that people's brains arewired to find consistency between what they do and their positive images of themselves.
Thetypical outcome is that people twist the truth to make it seem kinder or more flattering forthemselves than it actually is. For instance, one can claim to be an unjustly neglected painter butit is sheer self-deception, he is not good at all.Dissonance theory, according to the authors, can explain many laboratory findings andelements of many naturally occurring phenomena. For example, the authors maintain that whenordinary people agreed to administer dangerously strong electric shocks to helpless learners inStanley Milgram's classic experiments, the subjects' tendency for self-justification ("theexperimenter told me to continue") was a key contributor to their complicity. Similarly, ininstances in which prosecutors have refused to back down when DNA evidence has revealed thata defendant was wrongfully sentenced for committing a crime, Tavris and Aronson attribute theprosecutors' refusal to admit the error to self-justification processes.
Speaking about politics, forexample, they characterize George W. Bush as "the poster boy for ' clinging to a discredited belief."Tavris and Aronson consider that their theory can be applied universally ("our efforts atself-justification are all designed to serve our need to feel good about what we have done, whatwe believe, and who we are," they say), it is puzzling that they credit cognitive dissonance theorywith explaining empirical evidence that people with a negative self-view may try to validate thatlow opinion of themselves by dismissing success experiences as accidents or anomalies. Clearly,something like dissonance (a desire for psychological coherence, perhaps) is motivating suchreactions, but it cannot be the authors' version of it, with its claim that dissonance is motivated bya desire to preserve positive self-views.
More generally, if one buys the assumption that dissonanceis restricted to people with positive self-views (and not all theorists do), then dissonance is not auniversal motive but instead applies only to the roughly 70 percent of the population who possesspositive self-views.185По окончании выполнения заданий раздела не забудьте перенести своиответы в бланк ответов.Бланк ответов раздела 1 «Чтение»12345678910111213141516186Раздел 2. Использование языкового материала (Use of English)Part 1Match each definition (a-m) with the appropriate word (17–26).
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
