Диссертация (1146969), страница 32
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Dev. 10.018Skew -0.612Kurtosis -0.379Minimum 6.000Maximum 49.000Median 34.000Alpha 0.917SEM 2.894Mean P 0.636Mean Item-Tot. 0.445Mean Biserial 0.599Max Score (Low) 26N (Low Group) 40Min Score (High) 39N (High Group) 420.40217Score Distribution TableNumber Freq- CumCorrect uency Freq PR--------------PCT------ ---- ----.
. . No examinees below this score . . .5678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849500110041121011532416213243456258984868720340130012226781011111213182123272834363740424649535864667179889610010811412212913113113413813813914214211111456788891315161920242526283032353741454650566268707680869192929497979899990+1 |#1 |#0 |0 |3+###1|#1|#1 |#1 |#0 +1 |#1 |#4|####2|##1+#3|###1|#4|####1|#1+#2|##1|#3|###2|##3+###4|####4|####1|#4|####6+######6|######6|######3 |###6 |######4 +####6 |######5 |#####1 |#0 |2 +##3 |###0 |1 |#2 |##0 +|----+----+----+----+----+5 10 15 20 25Percentage of Examinees218Приложение 7. Образцы дополнительных нормированных тестовыхзаданий из банка тестовых заданий для промежуточного и текущегоконтроляМетодика множественного соответствияYou are going to read an article in which four people describe their best teacher.
For questions7–17, choose from the people (A–D). The people may be chosen more than once.Write your answers in the boxes of the table.Which person had a teacher who7might have preferred their pupil to choose a different career?had to overcome a disadvantage when teaching?made contact after their pupil left school?taught in an unusual physical position?changed their pupils’ behaviour?891011pointed their pupil in the direction of a successful career?12decided what to teach by responding to their pupil’s interests?13refused to do things in a traditional way?14was also doing another job at the same time?15put an emphasis on what pupils expressed, not the way they expressed it?16219My best teacherAVeronique TadjoI started learning Tae Kwon Do when I was about13.
My teacher, Kim Young Tae, had been sent bythe Tae Kwon Do federation in Korea to open a club.It was very successful. When he arrived he didn’tknow a word of French so he used to demonstraterather than explain. At the time my brother and Istarted learning Tae Kwon Do, we were fighting likemad.
But we quickly understood we had to stopfighting because we realized that fighting was aboutself-defence, not aggression. Tae Kwon Do teachesyou to control your anger and control your body.Later on, Kim opened a restaurant and then movedback to Korea. We had a very friendly relationship,but somehow I feel like I was a disappointment tohim. He thought I had a future in the sport. But whenI was 17 I decided it was not what I wanted to do.BHelen MirrenEveryone loved Miss Welding. She taught mebetween the ages of 13 and 17 and was instrumentalin my becoming an actress.
She knew I wasinterested in acting, but it just wasn’t an option inmy world. My father was a driving examiner and Iwasn’t exposed to acting as a career. It was MissWelding who told me about the National YouthTheatre, which was an organisation I was unawareof.
She suggested I look into it and think about goingthere. About ten years after I left school, when I waswith the Royal Shakespeare Company. I got a letterfrom Miss Welding saying she was following mycareer with interest, but as far as I know, she nevercame to see me perform.CNisha IshtiakMy father was editor of Pakistan’s largestnewspaper and he knew and liked its librarian, AtifBurkhi.
Atif was well-educated and when I wasabout 12 my father decided I should learn moreabout the region’s history and he chose Atif as mytutor. He took me through a lot of history, but aftera few lessons I got bored. ‘I know you’re being paidby my parents to teach me this stuff,’ I said, ‘butthere are other things in the world.’ He burst outlaughing as he so often did and asked: ‘What do youwant to talk about then?’ And so we would discussglobal issues and world literature.DSuzanne TerryBrian Earle, my English teacher was a very intenseman with thick glasses, and the fact that he taught alot of his classes standing on his head was also seenas extremely peculiar. He taught me for just one yearand it was probably one of the most creative yearsof my life. He didn’t believe in giving marks forgrammar or punctuation; he implied that themechanics of writing were not important if you hadsomething to say.
Brian Earle had a love of teachingand his subject.220Методика дополненияYou should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–7 which are based on the readingpassage. Choose from the sentences (A-H) the one which fits each gap (1–7). There is onesentence which you do not need to use.A That is why, for example, women are encouraged to examine theirbreasts regularly and to seek medical advice if they note any unusual changes.B These cell clusters, or malignant tumors, can proceed to invade bodilytissue and cause damage to the body's organs.
In many cases, the eventual outcomeis death.C So far, however, there is no solid evidence that such programs can infact extend people's lives (Levy, 1984).D Seventeen years later, the researcher found that those men who hadbeen highly depressed at the time of the testing had twice the chance of dying ofcancer as men who had not been depressed.E A second group was exposed to the same duration of shock but had nomeans of actively coping with the stress. The third group was never shocked.F However, prolonged stress may lead to elevated levels ofcorticosteroids and to lower levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in thebrain.G Other recent research suggests that those women who complain mostabout their breast cancer — who express their anger outwardly, instead of keeping itinside — have a better chance for recovery (Levy, 1984).H For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts inthe breast.221Psychology and CancerCancer is the second leading cause of death in America.
It remains one of the leastunderstood diseases and, partly for that reason, one of the most feared. In cancer, cells of the bodybecome altered and then multiply rapidly, creating clusters of cells whose growth is uncontrollable.1………………….Medical scientists are just beginning to understand the biological mechanisms of cellbehavior that underlie the onset and development of cancer. But even though these mechanismsremain mysterious, it's clear that in several respects cancer can be linked to behavior. Thelikelihood of cancer can be greatly increased by exposure to certain substances in the environment,including cigarette smoke, asbestos, chemical wastes, and radiation.
We cannot always control ourown exposure to such carcinogens (cancer-causing agents), but in at least some instances we can.Another aspect of behavior mat can affect the course of cancer is a person's efforts to help detectcancer at an early stage, when it is more likely to be treated successfully. 2………………….Emotional reactions and the immune systemThere is also increasing evidence that people's emotions are involved in . the progressionof cancer once it has begun.
In a study of women who underwent mastectomy for early-stage breastcancer, Steven Greer and his coworkers in England (Greer and Morris, 1981) found that womenwho reacted to their diagnosis with either a fighting spirit or strong denial were more likely to befree of disease eight years later than were women who reacted with stoic acceptance or withfeelings of helplessness. 3………………………Recent studies have begun to shed light on the biological mechanisms that may account forsuch links between emotions and cancer.
These links involve the functioning of the body's immunesystem, a collection of billions of cells that travel through the bloodstream and defend the bodyagainst invasion by foreign agents, including bacteria and viruses, and against cells that becomecancerous. Psychological factors can influence immune functioning, and the expanding field ofresearch on their influences is called psychoimmunology (Borysenko, 1983). It is believed thatsmall cancers form frequently in everyone but that our immune systems usually reject them.4………………..
These and other changes apparently make it harder for the immune system toreject cancer cells. When the organism copes with the stress in an active way, these changes in theimmune system seem to be minimized; when the organism reacts with helplessness and depression,the changes are maximized.222These links between stress, helplessness, immune function, and cancer have beendemonstrated experimentally in studies with animals.
In one study, Lawrence Sklar and HymieAnisman (1979) injected three groups of mice with the same number of cancer cells. One groupwas then exposed to an electric shock that they could learn to escape by jumping over a barrier tosafety. 5…………………………….. The cancer grew fastest and led to earliest death among theanimals that had no means of coping with their stress. In contrast, the animals that could mount aneffective escape did not differ in tumor growth from those that had not been shocked at all. Otherstudies have directly linked such inescapable stress to changes in the animal's immune system —for example, to a suppression of the proliferation of disease-fighting lymphocytes in thebloodstream (Laudenslager et al., 1983).The link between stress, helplessness, and cancers has been demonstrated in humans aswell.
In one dramatic study, Richard Shekelle and his coworkers (1981) studied over 2,000 menwho had taken a psychological test that diagnoses depression and other emotional states.6……………………………….. Since depressed people might drink more alcohol or smoke morecigarettes, which might in turr increase the risk of cancer, Shekelle took this into account when heanalyzed his data; the association between depression and cancer still held, regardless of drinkingor smoking rates. In another study, widowed husbands were found to have a decline in the functionof their white blood cells — part of the immune system — within two months of their wives' deaths(Schiefler et al., 1980).Recommendation for treatmentFindings on the links between emotional reactions to stress and the progression of cancerhave given rise to some recommendations for the treatment of cancer patients.
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