Atlas of the Caucasian Languages. Koryakov (2002) (1184421), страница 3
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Figures in the next column are taken from the CIA World Factbook2001.Table 1. Population (in thousands), capitals and official languages of regions in Caucasia.Region19892001RussiaKrasnodar territoryStavropol territoryAdygeaChechnyaIngushetiaDagestanKabardino-BalkariaKarachay-CherkessiaNorth OssetiaGeorgiaAbkhaziaAdjariaSouth OssetiaAzerbaijanTurkey148,0414,6212,410432145,4701,290131,8237684177685,4017,0214,9897,77166,494Capital(Moscow)KrasnodarStavropol’MaykopGroznyyMagasMakhachkalaNal’chikCherkesskVladikavkazTbilisiSukhumiBatumiTskhinvali(Baku)(Ankara)Official languagesRussian+W.Circassian12+Chechen+Ingush+13 written languages+Kabardian, Balkar+Cherkes, Karachay, Abaza, Noghay+OsseticGeorgianAbkhaz, Russian(Georgian)OsseticAzerbaijaniTurkishBilingualism in national languages is not indicated in the Guide since almost all population of a country isbilingual in its national language.
Russian is also a common lingua franca in the whole area except Turkey.WRITING & TRANSCRIPTIONUntil 2002, 20 Caucasian languages were currently written and 2 languages were written once in the past. Ofthose:¨ 2 languages are «old-written»: Georgian (since 5 c.) and Agvan (5-8 cc.). Both use(d) original scriptsdeveloped especially for these languages.1213Plus symbol (+) means that official are national language (Russian or Georgian) and (plus) language(s) indicated.Up to 1992 it was a single republic – Checheno-Ingushetia.6Atlas of the Caucasian languagesO VERVIEW¨ 11 languages are so-called «young-written» – they are regularly written since the late 19th – early 20th cc. andmany of them (at least 7) were sporadically written in Arabic script from the late Middle Ages.
During 20th c. allof them developed its own formal standard (or literary form) which are used in school-teaching and in writing.¨ 4 languages are so-called «new-written» – writing for them was introduced only in 1990s. 3 of them (exc.Agul) were written in 1920-30s but later writing was abandoned and only now they have become more or lessregularly written.Table 2. Scripts used by Caucasian languages (year of introduction (or creating) of writing is given).languagecodeold-written2-dGeorgian1BF-iAgvanyoung-written1A-aaW.Circassian1A-abKabardian1A-ccAbazaAbkhaz1A-ca1BAChechenac1BAIngushaa1BB-aAvar1BE-aDargwa1BE-hKaitak1BD-aLak1BF-fLezgi1BF-eTabasarantransitional2-aMingrelianUdi1BF-j1BF-cRutul1BF-bTsakhurnew-written1BF-dAgul1BB-bAndi1BC-bDido2-bLazArabic scriptRoman scriptCyrillic scriptAgvan script 5-8 cc.1918 (spor.
19 c.)19201918 (spor. 19 c.)1927 (att. 1980s)1923 (att. 1980s)192619261925 (att. 1990s)1937 (spor. 19 c.)193619381862, 195419381918 (spor. 19 c.)192319381918 (spor. 151918 (spor. 16(spor. 14 c.)1918 (spor. 151918 (spor. 19c.)c.)1928 (att. 1990s)192819381938c.)c.)192819281928193819381938(spor. 1860s)(att. late 1990s)19281928 (att. 1990s)19841935-36,att. 1990s1938-40, 19921938-40, 1992Georgian scriptsince 5 c.1938spor.
10-14cc.1920-33,(spor. 1990s)1992att. 1992att. 1993Abbreviations: att. - attempts in; spor. – sporadically since.In table 3 examples of some alphabets and transcriptions for Caucasian languages are given.Explanations of headers:¨ ACL – transcription used in this edition for transliteration from languages which don’t used Roman script.¨ IPA – transcription proposed by International Phonetic Association.¨ other – other variants of transcriptions used in works concerning Caucasian languages.¨ Kabardian – Latinized Circassian Alphabet proposed by Amjad Jaimoukha from Jordan [Jamoukha 2000].¨ Chechen – Latin script which tried to adopt in Chechnya in 1997.¨ Laz – alphabets used now for Laz language by some intellectuals with slight variations.¨ Lezgi – Latin alphabet used for Lezgi in 1928-38.¨ Other columns show Cyrillic alphabets currently used for languages indicated.7Atlas of the Caucasian languagesO VERVIEWTable 3.
Comparative table of Caucasian alphabets and transcriptions.ftdthsztdt ̌/t’sztdƫszşƶczċçƶç̇şž/z’cʒjçǯ/3’ç ̌/c’şƶsфффп(б)пIбфҭдтсзтдтIсзтдтIсзтдтIсзтдтIсзшжцʒҵҽџҿчџьҷшжцзцIчжчIшжццIчшжц(дз)цIччIчIшжцзцIчжчIкгкIхкгкIхькгкIхькххъкъкъгIхьIъхIмнврлйхгъхIгIъгьмнврлйвхъ(къг)кькъхгъlhлълълIкгукIухглIкгукIухгкхъқгкхҕкъҟxRH‛/ω’x'gh’/yпбпIlh'kgwkw'xgq'qyтдтIсзшъжъщIшжцдзцIчъпбчджкI'hmnwrlyw'kgkhxqq̇kgḱ/k’xǧkgk̡ҳqqqxƣġẋ’hmnwrljçпбпIчIчджкIchjch'q̇w/ozcҧбпвфhmnwrlyx’hmnvrlj,къхъгъIхьмнурлйуIхьмнурлйуьIIDargwafпбпIвффIтдтIсзщжьщIшжцдзцILezgifпбпIвфAvarpbp,Chechen’ḳx̂ĝ/ǧpbp̌/p’Abkhaz’ʎpbphKabardianjƛƛ̣pbp'vff'tdt'szschzchsch'shzhtsdzts'WestCircassianjc̣čǯč̣Lezgił’kgk’xɣqɢq’qχʁћʕʔhmnwrlj°ṭLazł’kgk’xɣqGq’qqXǧћʕʔhmnwrlj°ṗCyrillicChechenpbp’vff’tdt’szʆʑʆ’ʃʒʦʣʦ’ʧʤʧ’ʧjʤjʧ’jtłtł ’łRomanKabardianIPApbp’vff’tdt’szśźś’šžcʒc’čǯč’čjdžjč'jLL’łotherACLtranscriptionsҳҩмнурлиəьлIкьлъIкгкIхьгхъкъкьъгьмнврлйвхгъхIгIъгьмнврлйвIIAtlas of the Caucasian languages8O VERVIEWBIBLIOGRAPHY1.2.3.4.Dalby, D.
Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities. Vol. 1-2. Hebron, 2000Jamoukha A. Latinized Circassian Alphabet. 2000. http://www.geocities.com/Eureka/Enterprises/2493/latkab.htmlNikolaev, S.L., & Starostin S.A. A North Caucasian etymological dictionary. Moscow, 1994Starostin S.A. An International Etymological Database Project. 2002. http://starling.rinet.ru/GENEALOGIC CHARTOn the next page you can see a chart which is a genealogic tree set up on the base of lexicostatistical data.This chart is an evident illustration of the classification of the Caucasian languages and allows to see andcompare the time-depth and branching of various language groups.Two scales are used in the chart.
The first one shows cognates’ percentage and the second one shows yearsof separation calculated from cognates’ percentage by the Starostin’s formula. Precise figures for each node (inpercents) can be found in the Guide.The chart includes all Caucasian languages which are terminal points in it. Time of separation into dialects isshown only in those cases when appropriate data are available (e.g. Avar, Khvarshi, Svan, N. Dargwa).For written languages all the period of writing tradition is shown with rectangles (e.g.
Georgian and Agvan).Period of spoken ancient languages which is not fixed by written records is shown with dashed rectangles (e.g.Agvan). Reconstructed protolanguages are shown with dashed rectangles with rounded corners. Names ofgroups or protolanguages are given in italics and names of languages and dialects are not in italics.10Atlas of the Caucasian languagesGuide: NORTH CAUCASIANTHE GUIDE1 NORTH CAUCASIANfamily [24]; северокавказская, севернокавказскаяLanguages of this family are spoken in and around the Caucasus mountains, aswell in wider diaspora in the Middle East.
It comprises 44 living, 1 extinct and 1 oldliterary languages.Earlier NC. was meant to form "Ibero-Caucasian" unity along with Kartvelian butnow it's established that NC. is independent family possibly comprising part of SinoCaucasian macrofamily.The fact that these languages are related was noticed long ago but only recentlyits genetic relationship seemed to be proven [Nikolaev & Starostin 1994] though twocomponent groups of the family are still viewed by many linguists as twoindependent unities.1A1A-AADYGHE-ABKHAZ group [53-55]northwest caucasian, abkhazo-adyghian; westcaucasian; абхазо-адыгская, абхазскоадыгская, западнокавказскаяCIRCASSIAN-UBYKHadyghe-ubykhgroup [62],1A-1 CIRCASSIAN [93], wider adyghe; widercherkes; (Fre) tcherkesse; (Ger) tscherkessisch;адыгский, черкесский-Ш; (Grg) čerkezuli;(Arab) šarkassi; (Tur) çerkesçe; @ адыгэ,адыгабзэ, adɨɣəbzə1A-1a West Circassian, adyghe, lower circassian,adyge, adige, adyghean, west adyghe,adyghey, adigey, adyghei, adyghian, kiakh,kjax, kyacḫ , west cherkes; адыгейский,кяхский, нижнеадыг(ей)ский,западночеркесский; (Kabardian) абазэх,абзэх; @ č'ax, кIахэ-бзэ, k’ah1aal i t e r a r y a d yg he @ адыгэ литературабзэ1abs ha p s u g , shapsugh, šapsug, shapsogh,chapsough; шапсугский, шепсугский; (Tur)şapsıǧ; @ шапсыгъ, šapsɨǧComprises two groups: Circassian-Ubykh and Abkhaz-Abaza with Ubykh being inmany features transitional between Circassian and Abkhaz-Abaza.Includes two languages: Circassian and Ubykh.Total: ~705k (L1), 62k (L2), 1,350k (EG).
Å RUSSIA [542k]; ▶TURKEY [58,339 (L1)55,030 (L2) in 1965, ~600k (EG) in 1975: Samsun, Tokat, Kayseri, Balikesir, Bolu…ils); MACEDONIA [2k]; SYRIA [25k]; JORDAN [44k (L1), 126k (EG) in 1986: Na'ur, Wadi AlSir, Amman towns], ISRAEL [3k], Yugoslavia [200]; Greece; Iraq [19k]; Egypt;… ▶▶GERMANY [2k (L1), 15k (EG)], USA [3k (L1), 5k (EG): New Jersey, California],Netherlands; France; Australia; Norway; Denmark; Saudi Arabia.
In Turkey and othercountries: migrated from Caucasia to Ottoman Empire in and after 1860s; mostlyspeakers of Abzakh and Shapsug, but also of other Circassian dialects.& Scripts: Cyrillic in Russia; sporadically Cyrillic/Roman in diaspora. Traditionallytreated as group of two separate languages, esp. in Russia. Separate statistics isavailable only for ex-USSR states.
Maps: #2,3,4,5,18.Total: ~276k (L1), 800k (EG). Å RUSSIA [129k: Adyghea Republic [OL], Krasnodarterritory (Kuban middle river southwards & Laba river; Caucasus southern slopes, theBlack Sea coast)]; ▶TURKEY; MACEDONIA; SYRIA; JORDAN, ISRAEL; ▶▶ GERMANY, USA,AUSTRALIA, EGYPT, FRANCE, NETHERLANDS, SAUDI ARABIA… Up to 90% were forced to migrate from Caucasus to Ottoman Empire in and after 1860s, the rest were displacedfrom mountain slopes to lower Kuban and Laba valleys.
Only 4 traditional dialectsremained in Caucasus. Maps: #2,4,18. For W.C. spoken in Russia the term“Adyghe(y)” is rather used; for that spoken in diaspora or before 20th c. the term“West Circassian” is only used.& Scripts: Arabic from 1918; Roman from 1927; Cyrillic from 1937; Chemguymodel. Å Used for education also in Adyghea capital Maykop (Мыекъуапэ) wheremost of population speak Russian.Å NW. Adyghea; Krasnodar territory: Tuapse, Lazarevsky dss; ▶TURKEY [~20% of allCircassians, esp. in Balikesir, Bolu, Samsun, Bursa,… ils].anorth shapsug, greater shapsug, kuban shapsug;прикубанский; @ шапсыгъэ шху, šapsɨǧəšx°Å NW. Adyghea: around Shapsugskoye reservoir, Kuban middle river (”Great Shapsugia”).bsouth shapsug; lesser shapsug, littoral shapsug;причерноморский; @ шапсыгъэ-цIыкIу,šapsɨǧə-c'ɨk'°Å Krasnodar territory: Tuapse, Lazarevsky dss; scattered in up-river villages on the southernslopes of the Caucasus (returned after 1869) between Psebe middle river & Shakhe lower river(“Little Shapsugia”).cpseushkho, temirgoi-shapsug; @ кIэмгуешапсыгъdhakuchi, xakuchi, xukuchi, khakuci; хакучинский Å southern slopes of the Caucasus (resettled after 1869): Ashe basin, Shakhe lower river.@ хьакучи, hakučiiDissolved in South Shapsug by middle 20th century.1ac1ad1aeb z h ed ug h , bzhedux, bzhedukh, bžeduḫ ,bzhadugh, bezhedukh, bezhedux, bjedukh,bazadogh; бжедугский, бжедухский; (Tur)bjeduǧ @ бжъэдыгъу, bźədɨǧ°c he m g u y ; temirgoi, temirgoj, temirgoy,temirguy, cemirguy, kemguy, chamgui,chamguy, tchemyrgoy, kemirgoy, chemgwi,tchimgui; темиргойский, чемгуйский,темиргоевский @ чIэмгуй, č’əmg°ɨja b z a kh , abadzex, abadzekh, abzeh,abezexe, abadzeg; абадзехский; (Ubykh)šinǯišvio @ абдзэх, abʒəxÅ Krasnodar territory: Tuapse ds: Bol'shoe Pseushkho, Maloe Pseushkho villages.Å CW.
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