Atlas of the Caucasian Languages. Koryakov (2002) (1184421), страница 2
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those having the idiom intheir legend) are in normal face and of additional ones are in italics (e.g. #3, 15; 8). For groups of languages onlythose numbers of maps are shown where the majority of comprising languages are presented. #0 means thatidiom is not plotted on maps. If there is no number for idiom one should see higher taxa for it.¨ Basic name in English is a linguonym recommended for the use in any linguistic work for denotation of theidiom concerned. Basic names are printed first in each entry.
Conventions for the typography of basic names fordifferent levels see in Table 2.¨ Other names in English follow the basic name and are in light face and with lower case initials as alllinguonyms in other languages are (as opposed to initial capitals for geographical and person names).
Thistypographical convention does not apply to textual notes, printed in italics.¨ Linguonyms in other languages (“exonyms”) are preceded by the name of that language in parentheses. Forexample, under (2-1) Mingrelian, the Georgian exonym is recorded as: (Grg) megruli, odišuri; … Linguonyms indifferent languages are separated by semicolons.Some often used language names are abbreviated for reference use and are listed for each set.Exonyms in Cyrillic are Russian by default, otherwise they have indications of language as well.¨ Auto(linguo)nyms ('own names') are cited last after the at-sign @.¨ In certain cases ethnic names (ethnonyms) are also indicated and usually they are autoethnonyms.¨ Nomenclature and etymological notes are always in italics and are usually preceded by the symbol #.¨ Statistics.
One or more of the following statistics are usually indicated [in square brackets]: total number offirst language (L1) or mother tongue (L0) speakers; percentage out of ethnic group (EG); number of secondlanguage (L2) speakers; number of speakers in each country where the language is spoken.In this edition the following definitions of the terms are used: first language (L1) is a language which isknown at least as well as others (but possibly better) and is used most frequently; mother tongue or L0 (if differsfrom L1) is an ethnical language which is at least known enough to be spoken.Number of speakers for ex-USSR states is given by default according to the last soviet census of 1989.Otherwise year is indicated. If figure is an estimate it is preceded by tilde (~).
“Thousands” are often abbreviatedto “k” and “millions” to “m”: 10k, 5m.¨ Location (preceded by symbol Å8): countries where the language is spoken (with indication where it has theofficial/national status (marked as OL or NL) and more detailed location in each country: towns, regions).Names of countries are in SMALL CAPS and underlined. Countries or regions where the language is spokenbecause of recent migration of speakers are preceded by ▶; subsequent migration is indicated by ▶▶.¨ Period of time when the idiom was spoken (for ancient and extinct languages).¨ Scripts (preceded by symbol &7): note on the script used for the language in question, with the approximatedate for the beginning of written tradition; if there is a written standard, it is indicated which variety it is basedon.¨ Language / dialect status: if the idiom is traditionally treated as language or dialect.¨ Multilingualism: in what other language(s) are speakers bi-/ multilingual and in what degree.¨ Interlinguistic relationships: transition to / between relative idioms; mixed languages; notes on languagehistory, convergence, divergence.¨ Condition of language "health": extinction, near extinction, replacement by other language, endangerment.Extinct idioms are marked by the symbol † before Index code and possibly extinct by this symbol in parentheses:(†).
Only the uppermost level is marked if all its components are (possibly) extinct.¨ Notes on an ethnic group: their subsistence type and mobility (nomads, hunter-gatherers, fishermen, etc);religion; migration (including forced), and so on.8These symbols as well some other ideas appeared in this edition due to the influence of Linguasphere Register [Dalby2000] published by David Dalby and the Linguasphere Observatory.
See also www.Linguasphere.org.4Atlas of the Caucasian languagesO VERVIEWOVERVIEWWHAT IS CAUCASIA?The region of Caucasia (or Caucasus), on the border of Europe and Asia, is bisected by the toweringCaucasus Mountains (up to 5,642 metres). The area to the north, known as the North Caucasus, is characterizedby gently sloping plains ending in low, marshy steppes. The North Caucasus, historically called Ciscaucasia, ispart of Russia.
The southern and larger part of Caucasia, Transcaucasia, features a more rugged terrain crossedby chains of mountains running parallel to the central range of the Caucasus Mountains. This region includessuch countries as Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan - formerly republics within the Soviet Union - and also thenorth-east part of Turkey.Caucasian languagesLANGUAGES OF CAUCASIAThere are many languages spoken in the region including Indo-European (Armenian, Ossetic, Russian, Tat,Kurdish, Greek), Altaic (Turkish, Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk, Azerbaijani, Nogai) and Afro-Asiatic (NeoAramaic). But there are also languages not included into the language families listed.
Thus the term Caucasianlanguages9 as used here includes groups of languages indigenous to the Caucasus region, that have not beenaffiliated with any of the major language families (such as Indo-European, Altaic and Afro-Asiatic). The Caucasian languages are also referred to as Paleo-Caucasian languages.INNER GROUPINGWithin the Caucasian languages, most scholars accept the following grouping: South Caucasian (Kartvelian),Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz-Adyghe), and Northeast Caucasian (Nakh-Dagestanic). Previously the point ofview was popular (especially in Soviet linguistics) that all Caucasian languages are genetically related and formthe so called Ibero-Caucasian10 family.
But, recent comparative studies show that only genetic relationshipsbetween Northwest and Northeast Caucasian seem to be proved11, and the interrelationship between North andSouth Caucasian is still uncertain because of the absence of any regular sound correspondences between them.At the present stage of comparative Caucasian linguistics, North Caucasian and South Caucasian should bedefinitely viewed as separate language families.AFFILIATIONThe genetic relationship between the Caucasian languages and any languages outside the Caucasus is hard toprove.
Attempts have been made to relate Caucasian genetically with Semitic, Indo-European, Burushaski,Sumerian, Basque. A more promising relationship appears to be when comparing separate groups of Caucasianlanguages. Those are Abkhaz-Adyghe-Hattic and Nakh-Dagestanic-Hurrian hypotheses. Finally in modernmacro-comparative theories North Caucasian is included in Sino-Caucasian (with Sino-Tibetan and Yenisei) orDene-Caucasian (also Na-Dene) macrofamilies and Kartvelian is viewed as a part of Nostratic macrofamilywithin which it is possibly close to Indo-European.Region of CaucasiaADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF THE REGIONRussian part of Caucasia is divided into 9 primary administrative units: 2 krays (territories, with a dominantRussian population): Krasnodar and Stavropol; and 7 republics (former autonomous republics & autonomousregions, with considerable proportion of non-Russian population): Adygea, Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia,Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, and North Ossetia.
Each region is subdivided into rayons (districts,or sectors). Rayon is also a basic administrative division in Georgia (raioni) and Azerbaijan. Though in the latterBecause some anthropologists have mistakably maintained that the Caucasus was the cradle of the white race, the word"Caucasian" has come to designate any white person.10A term sometimes used to refer to a hypothetical family comprising all Caucasian languages together with Basque, asproposed by several linguists.11See for example Nikolayev & Starostin 1994.95Atlas of the Caucasian languagesO VERVIEWthere are at least one (autonomous) republic – Adjaria (Achara) – and two de facto independent republics –Abkhazia and South Ossetia (see below). The primary administrative unit in Turkey is il (province; formerlyvilayet), then the ilçe (sub-province; formerly kaza), then the bucak (district; formerly nahiye).
Each il has itscentral (merkez) ilçe (the provincial capital and its surroundings) as well as each ilçe has its central bucak.DISPUTED AREASThe several regions in Caucasia are still of indefinite status. The principal areas are:Abkhazia (Apsny). Formerly an autonomous republic within Georgian SSR, now de facto independent.When Georgia became independent in 1991 it abolished autonomy of Abkhazia. It led to a civil war after whichAbkhazs controlled much of the territory except the Kodori gorge where Svan is spoken.
In 1989, thepopulation was 525,000, of which Abkhaz was spoken by 17.8%, Georgian, Megrelian and Svan – 45.7%, andother languages (Russian, Armenian, Greek) – 36.5%. Most Georgians and other non-Abkhaz fled after the war.South Ossetia (Xussar Iryston). Formerly an autonomous region within Georgian SSR. When Georgiabecame independent in 1991 it abolished this autonomy too. Fights began and now Ossetes control much of theterritory except Ksani (Akhalgori) rayon in south-east.
Before the fights, the population was 99,000 of whichOssetic was spoken by 66% and Georgian by 28%. Many Georgians fled to Georgia and Ossetes to NorthOssetia.POPULATION, NATIONAL LANGUAGES AND BILINGUALISMThe following table gives population figures (in thousands) for the main regions where Caucasian languagesare spoken, and also capitals and official languages of those regions. Figures in the first column (1989) are basedon data of the last Soviet census in 1989.
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