Диссертация (1173136), страница 60
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Important feature of the bioluminescence reaction.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Ex. 17. Write a précis to the video lecture.VOCABULARYto make a major impact on smth оказать значительное влияние на что-либоto be genetically codable быть генетически кодируемымto provide a relatively direct link from smth into smth обеспечивать прямую связь между чемто и чем-тоto enable this jellyfish to glow позволять этой медузе светитьсяaequorin экворинto alarm напугать, встревожитьto be alarmed in the water быть встревоженным / напуганным в водеto disturb беспокоить292to emit a glow излучатьto change color from blue to green изменять свет от голубого до зеленогоto have a well-accepted explanation иметь общепринятое объяснениеto glow green светиться зеленымupside-down в перевернутом положенииbeaker лабораторный сосуд; чаша; стакан химическийaquarium аквариумto illuminate with ultraviolet light осветить ультрафиолетовым светомto bring in smth приносить что-либоto poke smth тыкать, толкать; пронзать что-либоto turn out the lights включить светto stir перемешиватьto emit испускатьflash вспышкаphenomenon явлениеexciting захватывающий, увлекательныйto turn chemical energy into light преобразовать химическую энергию в световуюcontaminant примесь, загрязняющее веществоpurification очисткаbased on основываясь наrehearsal репетицияthere was no precedent for это был беспрецедентный случайco-factors кофактор, сопутствующий факторto bind retinal связать ретинальдегидchromophore хромофорto generate out of the protein образовывать(ся) из белкаguts кишкиto generate an extra double bond образовывать дополнительную двойную связьto tolerate терпетьobligate anaerobe облигатный анаэробunprecedented reaction реакция, не имеющая аналоговbackbone основная цепьasparagine аспарагин, 3,4-диамино-4-оксобутановая кислотаto promote активироватьto curl up свернуть(ся)to be relatively unencumbered быть отноительно свободнымthe most conserved residue наиболее пассивная группаto get attacked подвергаться воздействиюto come in подходитьto pull off hydrogen оттягивать на себя водородthe conservation of mass здесь закон сохранения массыto verify проверятьmaking a heck of a lot of GFP создание большого количества GFPto trickle out выливать(ся) тонкой струйкойKEYS:Ex.
5. 1 bioluminescence, 2 fluorescence, 3 cloning, 4 molecular cloning, 5 gene cloning, 6gene cloning, 7 chromophore.Ex. 6. 1e, 2c, 3a, 4f, 5g, 6d, 7b.293Ex. 7. 1 the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2 a protein, 3 aminoacids residues, 4 emit light, 5Aequorea Victoria, 6 aequorin, 7 Ca2+ ions, 8 a tracer molecule, 9 be labeled withEx.14. 1 T, 2 T, 3T, 4 F, 5 T, 6 F, 7 T, 8 F, 9 T, 10 T, 11 F, 12 T.Ex. 15.
I – A, II – B, III – I, IV – K, V – J, VI – C, VII – E, VIII – H, IX – D, X – G.Приложение 9.Материал констатирующего среза, проводимого в опытном обученииVIDEO FILM “Oxygen Storage” (14:33)TAKING THE LEAD IN SAFETY: SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR WORKING WITHOXYGEN256Welcome to taking the lead in safety series from the Linde group (14:33)Despite being used so widely for numerous applications oxygen is probably the mostfrequently mishandled and misunderstood of all industrial gases. Many times, people who shouldknow better refer to oxygen as air and this is a very dangerous mistake. Ordinary materials in thepresence of oxygen can react very violently and very suddenly. Therefore we want to make sure thatwe use the proper materials in the design of our installations.Oxygen is not air, but it’s a major component of the air needed to support live.
Our bodies useoxygen to maintain virtually all biochemical processes at the cellular level. Without oxygen we cansurvive only a few minutes. Because oxygen occurs naturally in the earth’s atmosphere it’s easy totake it for granted. We tend to assume that it’s always there when we need it in just the right amount,but this assumption could have deadly implications as too much oxygen is just as dangerous as toolittle. So here’s what you need to know: as a gas oxygen is odourless, tasteless and colorless. Sowithout special monitoring devices there’s no way to detect it.
The vapor you sometimes see aroundcold oxygen systems is just water vapor condensing in the surrounding air. In its gaseous form atambient temperature oxygen is completely invisible.Oxygen accelerates corrosion. Most metals, wood, paper and even many synthetics – allbreak down from prolonged exposure.
Oxygen causes rust on iron, a blackish film on silver and adistinctive green corrosion on copper. Oxygen can be converted to a liquid if it’s pressurized andsubjected to very cold temperatures. This is how it’s normally stored and transported. Why? Becauseliquid oxygen expands into a gas at a ratio of 860 to 1. This means you should need 860 tankers ofgaseous oxygen to deliver the same amount of material contained in one tanker of liquefied oxygen.Liquefied oxygen is extremely cold – 297 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
If you work with liquefiedoxygen you should always follow precautions to avoid low temperature burns. We’ll talk more aboutthis later.Oxygen itself is not flammable, but it can accelerate the combustion of other materials at afrightening rate. In fact, some materials that normally wouldn’t burn at all like asphalt or steel canburn vigorously if exposed to enough oxygen under the right circumstances.Liquefied oxygen is always stored in a vacuum jacketed tank.
These tanks are like bigthermos-bottles, essentially, a tank within a tank. They keep oxygen in its liquefied form by holdingthe necessary temperature of -297 degrees Fahrenheit. The tank on the delivery truck is basically thesame as the stationary tank: vacuum jacketed, holding liquefied oxygen under low pressure.There are several important factors to keep in mind concerning the storage tank andassociated piping systems. There’s one liquid isolation valve located at the bottom of the tank. Thisvalve can be used to isolate the supply of liquid from the tank to the vaporizer and to stop the flow ofoxygen in case of a leak or other emergency.
You should always keep the area around the storage256Oxygen Storage. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ljOz6QYfUg294tank clear of material, cars and other vehicles. Backing in a liquefied gas delivery tanker takes a lotof room. So be sure and maintain a wide clear path from the road to the tank. Only a trainedindustrial gases delivery person certified in the use of oxygen handling systems should performunloading.
If you work around a bulk oxygen system you should always be aware of the condition ofthe storage tank. Any continuous discharge of liquid or excessive vapor from the tank, or from apipeline, valve or safety relief valve is not normal and may indicate a problem, although some minorgas venting is normal. The same goes for a loud hissing sound or persistent vapor cloud.
If younotice any of these signs, you should call at the number posted on the tank.In an oxygen bulk handling system the piping is just as important as the storage tank.Equipment and piping carrying oxygen must be protected. Always operate forklifts, trucks and otherheavy equipment at a safe distance. Piping systems like this call for extremely precise design workand very careful selection of materials. They should never be installed or modified without thesupervision of a qualified engineer. Oxygen piping must be labeled indicating its contenance,according to the labeling standards specified for your site.Working with an oxygen handling system can create two potential dangers –extreme cold and fire, so your personal protecting equipment should be chosen accordingly.
On a dayto day basis, protection from extreme cold of liquid oxygen is the greater issue. Workers should wearlong sleeve shirt and pants of 100 % cotton or FRC (Fire Retarding Clothing). Eye and faceprotection. Safety toed boots and loose-fitting insulated gloves. Synthetic fabric should be avoidedbecause of the tendency to create sparks from static electricity and melt when exposed to fire.Well, oxygen is not flammable.
In high concentrations it can create unpredictable firehazards. Avoiding unwanted sources of ignition like sparks from static electricity provides an extramargin of safety. It’s very important that liquefied oxygen not be trapped in any container or sectionof pipe. Safety relief devices must be emplaced to vent gas when pressure builds up. Here’s why.Imagine boiling water in a pot with a lead clamped on.
What would happen? The water boils, thepressure builds up and before long you’ve got a very hazardous situation. If liquefied oxygen istrapped in a tank or pipe with no venting, it creates the same situation. Even though it’s very cold,liquefied oxygen is actually boiling as it evaporates. This can build up tremendous pressure enoughto cause piping to rupture. Safety relief devices must be installed in all piping and storage systems,between all block valves and anywhere else where liquefied oxygen may become trapped.Приложение 10.Материал контрольного среза, проводимого в опытном обученииMartin Chalfie (Columbia University): Developing GFP as a Biological MarkerThe Discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein 257Hello, I am Martin Chalfie.
I am in the department of Biological Sciences at Columbia University.Green fluorescent protein and other fluorescent proteins are now used quite commonly in biology,particularly cell biology. What I would like to do in the next few minutes is tell you a little bit aboutmy lab's involvement in the origin of using GFP as a biological marker.
I did not start out beinginterested in developing a new biological marker. Actually, my lab has been interested for manyyears in mechanosensation, particularly trying to understand the genes that are needed for touchsensitivity. But in the late 1980s, my lab had cloned several genes that were needed for touchsensitivity in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and we wanted to know where those genes werebeing expressed.
And particularly, we wanted to know which of our cells were, in the end, touchsensing cells. At this time, there were several methods that could and did help us to answer thesequestions. These included antibody staining, markers such as beta-galactosidase, in situ257ChalfieMartin (Columbia University): Developing GFP as a Biological Marker [Электронный ресурс]. – Режимдоступа: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfg75ft7oOw. (последняя дата обращения 10.06.2017 г.)295hybridization.
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