Диссертация (1173136), страница 57
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Answer the following questions:1. What was Alfred Nobel?2. What do you know about Nobel Prize and Prize Award Ceremony?3. What chemists were awarded the Nobel Prize recently?4. What do you know about fluorescent proteins?5. Who discovered and developed green fluorescent protein?6. In what living organism was the fluorescent protein found for the first time?7. What are fluorescence and bioluminescene?Ex.2. Pronounce the following words correctly and give their Russian equivalents:a) chemical terms:fluorescent[flVq'resqnt],protein['prqVtJn],green fluorescent protein [grJnflVq'resqnt'prqVtJn],contaminant [kqn'txmInqnt], purification ["pjuqrIfI'keISqn], chromophore ["krqumqu'fq], serine ['serIn], oxygen['PksIGqn], amide ['xmaId], asparagine [q'spxrqgIn], ammonia [q'mquniq], hydrogen peroxide['haIdrqGqnpq'rPksaId], molecule ['mPlIkjHl], dehydration ["dJhaI'dreISqn], oxidation ["PksI'deISqn];b) natural science terms: microscopy ['maIkrqskqVpi],283microscope ['maIkrqskqVp], macroscopic["mxkrqV'skPpIk], phenomenon [fi'nPmInqn], super-resolution ["s(j)Hpq"rezq'lHSqn], ultraviolet light["Altrq'vaIqlIt laIt], UV lamp ["jH'vJlxmp], enzyme ['enzaIm], gene [Gen];c) general words: jellyfish ['GelifIS], creature ['krJtSq], rehearsal [rI'hE:sql], disturb [dI'stE:b], stimulate['stImjqleIt], stir ['stE:], major ['meIGq], precedent ['presIdqnt], source [sLs].Ex.
3. Name the following laboratory equipment, using the words in the box.a microscope, a rod, a beaker123Ex. 4. Translate words of Latin and Greek origin, paying attention to their endings in singularand plural.SINGULARanalysisaquariumbasissynthesishypothesisseriesstimulusspectrumdatumquantumbacteriummediumformulaphenomenonPLURALanalysesaquariabasessyntheseshypothesesseriesstimulispectradataquantabacteriamediaformulae, formulasphenomenaTRANSLATIONанализ(ы)аквариум(ы)синтез(ы)Ex. 5. Fill in the gaps with basic chemical terms given in the box and translate the sentences.bioluminescence, fluorescence, cloning, molecular cloning,chromophore, gene cloning (2)2841.
_________ (1) is emission of light in total darkness, through a chemical reaction.2. __________ (2) is re-emission of light at a different wavelength.3. _________ (3) involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells withidentical DNA molecules.4. _________ (4) generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is thesource of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication ofthe recombinant DNA.5. __________ (5) is the process in which a gene of interest is located and copied (cloned) out ofDNA extracted from an organism. __________ (6) is used by researchers to create copies of aparticular gene for downstream applications, such as sequencing, mutagenesis, genotyping6.
__________ (7) is the part of a molecule responsible for its color.Ex. 6. Match the word combinations in column A to their Russian equivalents in column B:A1. to make a major impact on smth2. to provide a relatively direct linkfrom smth into smth3. to change color from blue to green4. to illuminate with ultraviolet light5. to get attacked6. to be relatively unencumbered7. making a heck of a lot of GFPBa. изменять свет от голубого до зеленогоb.
создание большого количества GFPc. обеспечивать прямую связь между чем-то и чемтоd. быть отноcительно свободнымe. оказать значительное влияние на что-либоf. осветить ультрафиолетовым светомg. подвергаться воздействиюEx. 7. Fill in the gaps with chemical terms given in the box and translate the sentences.Scientists Roger Y. Tsien, Osamu Shimomura, and Martin Chalfie were awarded _________ (1) (the2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry / The Ig Nobel Prize) for their discovery and development of thegreen fluorescent protein (GFP).
The green fluorescent protein is __________ (2) (an enzyme / aprotein) composed of 238 __________ (3) (aminoacids residues / alkyl residue) that exhibits brightgreen fluorescence when exposed to UV light. Many deep-sea organisms are able to __________ (4)(emit light / have color vision) through a chemical reaction. Although many other marine organismshave similar green fluorescent proteins, GFP was isolated from the jellyfish __________ (5)(Aequorea Victoria / Obelia medusa) by Osamu Shimomura.
In the 1960s and 1970s, GFP, alongwith the separate luminescent protein__________ (6) (aequorin / aquarium) was first purified andstudied by Osamu Shimomura. Aequorin is a calcium-activated photoprotein isolated from AequoreaVictoria. In Aequorea Victoria, GFP fluorescence occurs when aequorin interacts with __________(7) (Ca2+ ions / Na+ ions) to induce a blue glow. Some of this luminescent energy is transferred toGFP, shifting the overall color towards green. Douglas Prasher was the first to propose to use GFPas __________ (8) (a tracer molecule / a molecule-killer).
He suggested that it should be possible toattach the GFP to cancer cells so that they would __________ (9) (be labeled with / activate) afluorescent tag. D. Prasher was able to express it in bacteria. He published a paper in Gene; itreported the cloning of GFP and the sequence of the 238 aminoacids in GFP.Ex. 8. Choose the correct linking word.285There were three reasons Prasher thought __________ (1) (that / what) GFP could potentiallybecome a significant tracer molecule. __________ (2) (Moreover / First), if enough protein withattached GFP was made, it should be easy to detect and to trace it as it moved through the cell,because irradiating the cell with ultraviolet light would cause the GFP attached to the protein tofluoresce. __________ (3) (Although / Second), Shimomura had shown in 1974 that GFP was afairly small protein.
This was important because a small protein attached to the protein of interestwas less likely to hinder its proper function. __________ (4) (In addition / But) its small sizewould also allow it to follow the fused protein, especially in organelles like neurons, whereas thediffusion of large proteins would be difficult.
__________ (5) (Third, However) it had beenshown that once GFP was made in the jellyfish, it was fluorescent. Most other bioluminescentmolecules require the addition of other substances before they glow. __________ (6) (Forexample / As a result), aequorin will glow only if calcium ions and coelenterazine have been added,and firefly luciferase requires ATP, magnesium, and luciferin before it luminesces. This would makeGFP a much more versatile tracer __________ (7) (than/ then) either aequorin or fireflyluciferase, which were being used as tracers.Ex. 9. Find key phrases and compress the following extracts of the text.a) Douglas Prasher was the first person to realize the potential of GFP as a tracer molecule.
In 1987,he got the idea that sparked the GFP revolution. He thought that GFP from a jellyfish could be usedto report when a protein was being made in a cell. Proteins are extremely small and cannot be seen,even under an electron microscope. However, if one could somehow link GFP to a specific protein,for example hemoglobin, one would be able to see the green fluorescence of the GFP that is attachedto the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries the oxygen in our blood. Our bodies are continuously makingnew hemoglobin.
When new hemoglobin is required, protein production is activated. The gene isread and the protein is manufactured251.b) Douglas Prasher envisioned that it would be possible to use biomolecular techniques to insert theGFP gene at the end of the hemoglobin gene, right before the stop codon. When the cell needed tomake hemoglobin, it would go to the hemoglobin gene, use the information encoded in the gene tomake it, but instead of stopping when the hemoglobin was made, this cell would carry on makingGFP until it reached the stop codon at the end of the GFP gene. As a result, the cell would produce ahemoglobin molecule with a GFP attached to it, see below252.c) Besides attaching GFP to a protein and making it a fluorescent tag, Prasher also thought that GFPcould potentially be a very useful reporter molecule.
In order to activate protein production, DNApromoters are used. These are sequences of DNA next to genes that contain the information aboutwhere and when the gene should be read and make the protein (in other words be expressed). If GFPis linked to a specific promoter then it will be expressed in place of the protein, showing where andwhen the gene of interest is switched on253.d) Prasher's GFP work was funded by the National Cancer Institute. In his grant he suggested that itshould be possible to take the GFP gene out of the jellyfish cell and attach it to cells so that theywould be labeled with a fluorescent tag. Prasher managed to find the gene for GFP in AequoreaVictoria and was able to express it in bacteria.
In 1992, he published a paper in Gene; it reported thecloning of GFP and the sequence of the 238 amino acids in GFP, shown below. Sadly it was only aPrasher D. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFPww/prasher.html252 Там же253 Там же251286two-year grant and the funding ran out before he could express the GFP clone he had produced in amanner that would result in GFP254.Ex. 10. Make sure that you know these proper names:jellyfish Aequorea Victoria — медуза Аквореа ВикторияE.Coli, Escherichia coli — кишечная палочка, вид грамотрицательных палочковидныхбактерий, широко распространённых в нижней части кишечника теплокровных животныхAlaska – Аляска, штат СШАPuget Sound — залив Пьюджет-Саунд в Тихом океане на побережье Cеверной Америки.Osamu Shimamura — японско-американский учёный в области органической химии иморской биологии, лауреат Нобелевской премии по химии 2008 г.
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