Диссертация (1173136), страница 62
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And really the thousands of people who have added tothe usefulness of GFP.Third, I think this is a good example of saying that all life should be discovered. We should notsimply be working with model organisms. I think we can now all be very grateful that Shimomurawas interested in a fundamental biological question, that had nothing to do with human biology orhuman health, but how it is that some organisms can produce light.
And it was that curiosity that led297him to work on the jellyfish, and then led him to discover GFP. And finally, the GFP story is a goodexample of how essential basic research is. When Shimomura discovered GFP, I don't think anyonewould have imagined the usefulness that it would have for other discoveries and basic researchthroughout the biological sciences, or for investigations into human health. It's been used to studyHIV, AIDS, inherited diseases. Or that it would be useful in biotechnology The usefulness comesfrom other people and what they've done, but it all starts with that basic research that was sonecessary. So what I want to do is close with one of my favorite quotes about basic research.
Itcomes from Robert R. Wilson who is the physicist that was the first head of the Fermilab, the particleaccelerator in Batavia, Illinois. He was asked in 1969 to go before a congressional committee tojustify why they should pay for this rather enormous science experiment. He was asked many timesto try to describe the security benefits, the benefits for national defense that would come from thisaccelerator, from what was going to be learned there. And every time he was asked he said no, andthen he finally said that the accelerator had "only to do with the respect with which we regard oneanother.
The dignity of men, our love of culture. It has to do with whether we are good painters, goodsculptors, great poets. I mean all the things we really venerate in our country and are patriotic about.It has nothing to do directly with defending the country except to make it worth defending."Thankyou.Приложение 11.Фрагмент учебно-методического пособия по реферированию устногоиноязычного научного сообщенияUnit 1. Three Scientists Win Nobel Prize in ChemistryBEFORE YOU LISTENEx.1.
Answer the following questions:1. What is cryo-electron microscopy, the Nobel prize-winning technique?2. What is the Nobel Prize?3. Who established the Nobel Prize? What is this award given for?4. Where do the Nobel Prize Award ceremonies take place?Ex.2. Match the words in column A with their explanation in column B.A1) academy n.2) three-dimensional adj.3) beam n.4) mosquito n.5) resolution n.6) to sharpen imagesBa) having or appearing to have three dimensions – length, width,and heightb) a line of energy or lightc) an insectd) the ability of a device to reproduce an image clearly and witha lot of detaile) a school, usually place of higher learning; a society or groupof learned personsf) to make images clearer or more distinctEx.
3. Fill in the gaps with proper names given in the box and translate the sentences.the Nobel Prize, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry298_________ (1) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to researchers invarious fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of AlfredNobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace,medicine and economics. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by_________ (2) on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.
The award is presented in_________ (3), Sweden at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.Each laureate gets a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money that has been decided by the NobelFoundation. _________ (4) is widely regarded as the most prestigious award in literature, medicine,physics, chemistry, peace, and economics. The Nobel prize may not be shared among more thanthree people.Ex. 4. Fill in the gaps with terms given in the box and translate the sentences.cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-technology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), freezing themolecule, the sharp three-dimensional structures1.
_________ (1) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through aspecimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thickor a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sampleas the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto animaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as acharge-coupled device.2. _________ (2) is a form of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where the sample is studiedat cryogenic temperatures, generally liquid-nitrogen temperatures.3. Technology involving very low temperatures is called _________ (3).4.
Dr. Jacques Dubochet developed vitrification method in the early 1980s. The method involvesshooting the aqueous sample into ethane at around -190ºC, which vitrifies the water around thesample, _________ (4) intact. Continuous cooling with liquid nitrogen preserves the structuresduring the examination.
it’s possible to see how a molecule behaves during a biological process.5. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dr. Joachim Frank developed the image processing method thatis essential to generating _________ (5) that electron microscopy is now known for.6. Dr. Richard Henderson applied the technology to generate a three-dimensional model ofbacteriorhodopsin at atomic resolution in 1990.
This technology could be used to visualize biologicalmaterial.Ex. 5. Transform the sentences from Active to Passive Voice according to the model.Model : Scientists study biological molecules. → Biological molecules are studied by scientists.1. They study the structures of molecules, cells and tissues at high resolution.2. Scientists employ a method known as x-ray crystallography.3.
The powerful electron beam destroys biological material.4. They use cryo-electron microscopy to understand fundamental biology.5. Researchers analyze samples to reveal the structure of molecules.6. Henderson and his team use a glucose solution to prevent molecules drying out.7. They use mathematical approach to build up a 3D image of proteins.8. Scientists use cryo-electron microscopy to probe the structure of drug targets.9. Cryo-electron microscopy simplifies and improves the imaging of biomolecules.10. The formation of ice crystals causes damage to water-soluble biological molecules.Ex.
6. Listen to text 1 for the general idea.299TEXT 1Three Scientists Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry258I Three scientists have won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work to simplify and improve theimaging of biomolecules. Goran Hansson is Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy ofSciences. He announced the names of the winners Wednesday from the group’s headquarters inStockholm.
"The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2017 Nobel Prize inChemistry jointly to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson.” Hansson said thescientists were being recognized for what he described as “a cool method for imaging the moleculesof life.”II Jacques Dubochet works at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.
Joachim Frank is withColumbia University in the United States. Richard Henderson is with Britain’s Medical ResearchCouncil Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.The three scientists developed a way to create three-dimensional (3D) images of biologicalmolecules – images with height, width and depth.
Their method is called cryo-electron microscopy.III The Royal Swedish Academy described cryo-electron microscopy as “decisive for both the basicunderstanding of life’s chemistry and for the development” of new medicines.Scientists long believed that electron microscopes could only be used to study non-living things. Thereason? Their powerful electron beam destroys biological material. But cryo-technology freezes thebiological material, keeping it at extremely low temperatures. This protects it from damage.IV The power of the technology could be seen in the Zika crisis last year.
Zika virus was linked to anincrease in brain-damaged babies in Brazil. The virus spreads when an infected mosquito bites apregnant woman.As concerns Zika spread, scientists turned to cryo-electronic microscopy to make 3-D images of thevirus at the atomic level. This helped researchers as they worked to create drugs and vaccines.V The Nobel committee noted Wednesday that, in 1990, Henderson used an electron microscope toproduce a 3-D image of a protein at atomic-level resolution.In the late 1970s and 1980s, Frank developed mathematical models to sharpen images from suchmicroscopes.Dubochet added water to electron microscopy.
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