01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 54
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on Mir station researchers learned thatbone loss did not lessen over time as previously thought. 4. In the ...environment of space, everyday activities present new challenges.5. The Mobile Servicing System to be supplied by Canada is afour-piece robotic ... that will play a ... role in ... and maintenanceof the ISS.Упражнение 5. A. Назовите 15-20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний натему «The International Space Station».В. Speak about:Solar sail propulsion systems.253REVISION OF LESSONS 10-12Упражнение 1. Повторите инфинитив, инфинитивные конструкции, сослагательное наклонение и особенности пассивного залога. Переведите предложения.1. The Internet is а great place to find and hear hit songs, movies and recorded interviews.
2. It is imperative that the experimentbegin at once. 3. If I were you, I should stop the experiment. 4. Hewished he were a cosmonaut. 5. A new car model was much spokenabout. 6. Nobody saw the professor enter the laboratory. 7. It seemsto be an interesting comparison. 8. His experience in the field ofmaterials science can be relied upon. 9. This theory is hard toprove.
10. The new discovery was often referred to. 11. We expectthis book to appear in bookshops very soon. 12. Scientists appear toknow very little of this phenomenon yet. 13. The main problem isfor the report to be published as soon as possible. 14. Materials tobe brought back to Earth from space laboratories will have somestable properties.
15. It is unusual for a program to work correctlythe first time it is tested. 16. Some experiments on the ISS could result in the development of clocks a thousand times more accuratethan today's atomic clocks. 17. There are all kinds of life-supporting equipment aboard a spacecraft as it is essential that cosmonautsshould feel themselves as comfortable as possible.
18. Lasers aresupposed to be able to solve a number of very complicated problems connected with medicine. 19. One of the most important requirements for hypersonic craft is a sophisticated cooling systemlest extreme temperatures should destroy the craft. 20. Educationalsystem suggested by William Rodgers, the founder of MIT, provedto be very effective and to give a sound command of the basic principles of science and technology. 21.
People always wished thatthere were a device that could vaporize the hardest and the mostheat-resistant material. 22. A number of important innovationssuch as reducing the weight of aiфlanes and spacecrafts would havebeen impossible unless composite materials had been developed.23. Scientists discovered superconductors to possess thermal, electric and magnetic properties quite different from the non-conducting materials. 24.
The cost of electricity generation has beeninfluenced by the development of electromagnets made with superconductors. 25. To produce the superconductive effect, a Dutchphysicist cooled a mercury wire below a temperature of —269 °C.26. We know optical disks to store much more information than aplastic disk of the same size. 27. Laser was dreamt of by mankind254for centuries. 28. The applications of laser in industry and scienceare known to be numerous and varied. 29. The appearance of laserwas followed by the fabrication of ultrathin silicon fibers capable ofservicing as lightweight conductors. 30. Some metals and glasses tobe cooled down to the point of solidification in space can bebrought back to Earth.Упражнение 2.
Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на инфинитивные конструкции.Programming LanguagesThe only language computers can understand directly is calledmachine code. It is known to consist of the Is and Os (binary code)that are processed by the CPU. However, machine code as a meansof communication is very difficult to write.
That is why it is necessary to use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then,by using a special program, these languages can be translated intomachine code.Basic languages, in which the program is similar to the machinecode version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages,each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction,and the program is converted into machine code by a special program called an assembler. These languages are considered to be stillquite complex and restricted to particular computers.To make the program easier to write and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines,higher-level languages were developed such as BASIC, COBOL,FORTRAN, Pascal, Ada, С and others. A higher-level language isa problem oriented programming language, whereas a low-levellanguage is machine oriented.
This means that a high-level language is a convenient and simple means of describing the information structures and sequences of actions to be performed for aparticular task.A high-level language is independent of the architecture of thecomputer which supports it. This has two advantages.
Firstly, theperson writing the program does not have to know anything aboutthe computer the program will be run on. Secondly, programs areportable, that is, the same program can (in theory) be run on different types of computer. Programs written in one of these languagesshould be converted by means of a compiler into a lower-level language or machine code so that the CPU could understand it.255с, а high-level programming language, seems to be very popular today because it is small, so it is not too hard to learn, it is veryefficient and portable so one can use it with all kinds of computers.A lot of software engineers use С to write commercial applicationsprograms for mini, micro and personal computers.
There are alsovarious versions of С — C"*"^ and Objective C, which represent anew style of programming.At present there is a tendency towards an even higher level ofprogramming languages, which might be called specification languages, and an increasing use of software development tools.People communicate instructions to the computer in symboliclanguages and the easier this communication can be made, thewider the application of computers will be. Scientists are reportedto be already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages.Упражнение 3. A.
Прочитайте текст упражнения 2 и заполните пропускисловами.programmingprogrammerscompiler programmed program assemblerportable low-level machine codelanguage1. A computer ... is a set of instructions that tells the computerwhat to do. 2. Converting an algorithm into a sequence of instructions in a programming language is called .... 3. Most computer ...make a plan of the program before writing it. 4. Coding is the translation of the logical steps into a programming ....
5. In the nextcentury computers will be ... in natural languages like English orFrench. 6. A ... is a special program that converts a program writtenin a high-level language into a program written in a lower level language. 7. It is difficult to use ... ... , which is the only language understood by the processor.
8. A special program called ... converts aprogram written in a low-level language into machine code. 9. Ifthe same program can be used for different computers, it is called.... 10. In a ... language each instruction has a corresponding machine code equivalent.B.
Speak about:The new programming language you have heard of or read about.256SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTSTo be read after Lesson 1EducationMost Americans start to school at the age offivewhen they enter kindergarten. Children do not really study at this time. Theyonly attend for half the day and learn what school is like. Childrenattend elementary school for next six years. They learn to read andwrite and work with numbers. They also study the world and itspeople. After they leave elementary school, children go to juniorhigh school for three years and senior high school for another threeyears.
This is called secondary education. In some places the children go to elementary school for eight years and high school forfour. At any rate, elementary and secondary education togethertake twelve years to complete excluding kindergarten.In their secondary schooling children get more advancedknowledge and begin to concentrate on their special interests. Theyusually study further in history, geography, government and English language and literature.They may choose to study foreign languages, advanced mathematics or science, such as physics or chemistry. Students who planto go on to college or professional training must take some of thesecourses in order to enter college. Other students who do not intendto go on with school may take classes in accounting or typing orother subjects that will help them in the business world.
Some senior high schools are vocational. Boys may learn to operate machines or do other work. Girls may learn cooking, sewing or officework. High schools have athletic teams which play against teamsfrom other schools. Many boys enjoy playing football, basketball orbaseball. These games take place after school hours. Girls are givenphysical education too, but they do not usually play teams from another schools.In the most places in the US children must attend school untilthey are sixteen, or until they finish high school, usually at the ageof seventeen or eighteen.
Some children who are not good studentsdrop out of school at the age of sixteen. This is a growing problem,for it is harder and harder for people to find work when they havenot finished their high school education.Public schools are free for all boys and girls, but some parentsprefer to send their children to private schools. Some privateschools are connected with churches and children receive religious257instruction as well as their regular studies. Other private schools arenot religious, but have small classes and very good teachers so thatthe parents think their children will get a better education therethan in the larger classes of the public schools.
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