01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 53
Текст из файла (страница 53)
It may not sound like much, but it isa giant step forward. For the first 30 years in space, all food waskept at room temperature. Only now, in the 21st century, can refrigerator allow NASA to supply milk to help with bone loss in spaceflight. A glass of nice cold milk was asked for years. And the refrigerator proved to be an easier solution than a lot of experiments tomake good powdered (порошковое) milk for a number of years.Later in the day, thanks to another kitchen appliance, cosmonauts will eat a frozen dinner just like the ones sold in supermarkets.
The combination convection/microwave oven automaticallythaws (размораживать) your food (using heat), than heats it withmicrowaves (just as they do on Earth).248The refrigerator, freezer, and oven mean that astronauts eat ahealthier diet. The shuttle food was low in fiber. «The ISS food canovercome that with salads, fruit, vegetables, apples, oranges, etc.,»a space expert had predicted. Now, with these food delivered by thespace shuttle a few times a year, you no longer have to take specialtablets.There is no dishwasher in the kitchen.
Instead, you wash yourmagnetic silverware (столовые приборы) with antiseptic towelettes (салфетка). It does not seem very hygienic, but the shuttle astronauts just had to lick their silverware clean.The empty food containers will be either ejected into space toburn up on re-entry to the atmosphere or returned to Earth on theshuttle.The next step in life support will be a completely closed airand-food cycle, with plants grown in space.
Plants and microorganisms could even help remove contaminants from the water supply. It is that sort of research that will be necessary if people areever to establish settlements far beyond Earth.Biological approaches to supplying food, water, and air couldnot only save power aboard the station, but could also reduce thenumber of resupply trips required.May be some day astronauts will have fresh bread on the station. But even with today's frozen dinners, they already spend 4hours a day on meals and hygiene. Exercise takes 2 hours more aday.
That leaves them just an hour of free time for the simple pleasures of life in space: The view of Earth through the window. A letter e-mailed from their family. Microwave popcorn with a movie.And the friendship of the crew members with whom they share thistiny world.Text 12DПрочитайте текст, выскажите свое мнение о его содержании.Time Travel and New UniversesIt is known that for a long time well before Albert Einstein scientists were studying the ideas that seemed strange.
Consider a few ofsuch ideas now accepted by the scientific community: clocks thattick slower when they are on rockets in outer space, black holeswith the mass of a million stars compressed into a volume smallerthan that of atom and subatomic particles whose behaviour depends on whether they are being watched.But of all strange ideas in physics, perhaps, the strangest one isthe hole in the structure of space and time, a tunnel to a distant249part of the universe.
American researchers have determined that itwill apparently be possible in principle for mankind to create anentirely new universe by using the idea of wormhole (ход, прорытый червем; червоточина) connection. Such a universe will automatically create its own wormhole, squeeze through it, and thenclose the hole after it.Although to many people such an idea may seem useless andfantastic, it can help scientists to develop their imagination and explore how flexible the laws of physics are.
It is such an idea thatcould give answers to some of the fundamental questions of cosmology: how the universe began, how it works and how it will end.The idea of wormhole comes directly from the accepted concepts of general relativity. In that theory A.Einstein proved thatvery massive or dense objects distort space and time around them.One possible distortion is in the form of a tube that can lead anywhere in the universe — even to a place billions of light years away.The name «wormhole» comes about by analogy: imagine aflyon anapple.
The only way the fly can reach the apple's other side is thelong way over the fruit's surface. But a worm could make a tunnelthrough the apple and thus shorten the way considerably. A wormhole in space is the same kind of tunnel; it is a shortcut (кратчайшее расстояние) from one part of the universe to another thatreduces the travel time to about zero.In fact, instantaneous travel leads to the idea of wormhole astime machine. If it were possible to move one end of a wormhole atnearly the speed of light, then, according to general relativity, timeat that end would slow down and that part of the tunnel would beyounger than the other end.
Anything moving from the faster-agingend of the wormhole to the slower one would essentially go backward on time. The type of travel, however, could be nothing likethe mechanical time machine described by H. Wells. It is difficultto imagine how a human being could move through a wormhole,since it would theoretically be narrower than an atom and it wouldtend to disappear the instant it formed.ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯУпражнение 1. A. Прочитайте словосочетания из текста 12А и постарайтесь понять значения выделенных слов.1. life expectancy2. risky process3.
key module2504. life-support module5. the next great adventure6. merelyв . Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову соответствующее ему позначению.a. essential tob. activity full of risk, dangerand excitementс full of riskd. expected period during whichsmth. is active and usefule. only, simply^- equipment providing an environment astronauts may live in.Упражнение 2.
Найдите в тексте 12А:A. Прилагательные с суффиксами -о/, -ous и -/ve, соответствующиесловосочетаниям:1. between different countries2. connected with one person or part of smth.3. connected with one country4. that supplies reliable information5. of technology6. of the state, government and politics7. coming earlier in time8.
important because of possible danger9. full of strong desire to be or to do smth.10. broad, extending in various or all directions11. high pricedB. Словосочетания с этими прилагательными и приведите свои примеры.Упражнение 3. А. Прочитайте текст и найдите слова, означающие:height, propelling force, wished, be greater than, pressing, what remains, force directed forward, remain in space at one place, spending or using, thrust without losses,braking, small (not serious or important).Solar SailsIf we are going to open the solar system to rapid economictravel, we need to find advanced space propulsion systems. Solarsails may be among the keys to future inteфlanetary flights.Solar sail propulsion uses large, lightweight reflectors attachedto spacecraft that react to the light pressure from solar photons toobtain thrust.
By tilting (наклонять) the sail to change the forcedirection, the light pressure can be used to increase the orbitalspeed of the spacecraft, sending it outward from the Sun, or decrease its orbital speed, allowing it to fall inward.251А new type of solar sail, called a solar photon thruster, has alarge sail that always faces the Sun for maximum light collection.The collector sail has a slight curvature (кривизна) that focusesthe sunlight down onto a much smaller sail, which redirects thesunlight to provide the net thrust vector desired.
Besides beingmore efficient than a standard sail, a solar photon thruster can belaunched at Shuttle altitudes. Standard sails can only operate above1,000 km where the light pressure exceeds the atmospheric drag.Were a solar sail made light enough, it could «hover» withoutorbiting, the light pressure from the solar photons balancing thegravity attraction of the Sun and/or Earth. Then it would be possible to use solar sails first for communication, broadcast, andweather satellites, second for scientific stations hovering over theSun and the rest of the solar system, and third for transportingcargo to and from Earth, the planets, and asteroid belt — withoutan expenditure of fuel.B. Найдите к словам в колонке А антонимы из колонки В.А1.
long2. forward3. increase4. heavy5. slow6. invisible7. changing8. with9. simplicity10. rise11. presence12. outwardВa. absenceb. permanentс rapidd. shorte. lightweightf. complexityg. rearwardh. inwardi. visiblej . withoutk. decrease1. fallC. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительныхиз колонки В.1.2.3.4.252Аlaunchpromoteconductincrease/lowerВa. study, investigation, research, experiment, testb. speed, thrust, pressure, cost, dragс satellite, spacecraft, space station, rocketd. cooperation, development, technical progressУпражнение 4.
Заполните пропуски словами.aboard life-support key facilities assembly supply maintenance staysweightless tool1systems of the ISS are expected to be the most advanced, they can ... cleaner air, purer water, better food, and moresanitary toilet ... than on the space shuttle. 2. Life ... the stationmay not be easy, but it is significantly healthier and more pleasantthan in the past, allowing astronauts to focus more on the scientificresearch and station ... that occupy them for about 9 hours a day.3. Thanks to the long ...
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