01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 57
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The Toyota Co.recently decided to spend $800 million a year on the development ofnew car technology. Many engineers believe that the electric car willlead to other forms of technology being used for transportation.Car companies are working at developing a supercar. A superefficient car will have an electric motor.
Four possible powersources are being investigated. The simple one is batteries. Anotherpossibility is fuel cells, which combine oxygen from air with hydrogen to make electricity. Yet another approach would be a flywheel(маховик), an electric generator consisting of free-spinning wheelswith magnets in the rims that can produce a current. A fourth possible power source for the super-car would be a small turbine engine, running on a clean fuel like natural gas. It would run at aconstant speed, generating electricity for driving vehicles or forfeeding a bank of batteries, storing energy for later use.EnginesDo you know what the first engine was like? It was called the«water wheel».
This was an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it,and the current of a river turned it. These first engines were usedfor irrigating fields.Then a wind-powered engine was invented. This was a wheel,but a very small one. Long wide wooden blades were attached to it.The new engine was driven by the wind. Some of these ones canstill be seen in the country.Both of these, the water- and wind-operated engines are veryeconomical. They do not need fuel in order to function.
But theyare dependent on the weather.Many years passed and people invented a new engine, one operated by steam. In a steam engine, there is a furnace and a boiler.The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heatsthe water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam whichdoes some useful work.266The more coal is put in the furnace, the stronger the fire isburning.
The more steam there is, the faster a train or a boat ismoving.The steam engine drove all sorts of machines, for example,steam ships and steam locomotives. Indeed, the very first aeroplanebuilt by A.F. Mozhaisky also had a steam engine. However, thesteam engine had its disadvantages. It was too large and heavy, andneeded too much fuel.The imperfections of the steam engine led to the design of anew type.
It was called the internal combustion engine, because itsfuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace.It is smaller and lighter than a steam engine because it does nothave a boiler. It is also more powerful, as it uses better-quality fuel:petrol or kerosene.The internal combustion engine is now used in cars, diesel locomotives and motor ships. But to enable aeroplanes to fly fasterthan the speed of sound another, more powerful engine was needed.Eventually, one was invented and it was given the name «jet engine».
The gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees. It is made of a very resistant metal so that it will not melt.To be read after Lesson 8The Driving LessonMiss Green: Good afternoon. My name is Miss Green and I'm yourdriving instructor. Is this your first lesson?It is my first lesson at this driving school.SimonOh, you've been to another one?M. G.:Yes. The Greenwich school of driving.
But I stoppedS.:going there.M. G.:Why? Weren't the lessons good enough?S.:They were good but my instructor left.M. G.:Really? Well, let's see what you can do. I want you todrive down this road and turn left at the end.S.:Yes, all right.M.
G.:You drive very well! I'm sure you'll pass your test. Allmy pupils pass their tests. Oh, look out! That lorry!S.:You said turn left at the end.M. G.:When you want to turn a corner, slow down and lookfirst. You nearly hit that lorry. Please, be careful. Nowturn right at the traffic lights... Right, not left!267S.:M. G.:S.:M. G.:S.:M.
G.:S.:M. G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:S.:M.G.:268Sorry it was too late. I've turned left now.Didn't you see the No Entry sign? This is a one-waystreet.Why are those drivers shouting?Because you're driving the wrong way down a one-waystreet. Stop the car, please, and turn it round.I'm not very good at that.Mind that red car!Madman! He nearly hit me!He was right and you were wrong. Why didn't youwait? Now you are blocking the road.
You want reverse gear. Turn the wheel... more ... more ... Not toofast! Oh, what have you done now?It is all right. I went into the lamp-post but it is stillstanding. I didn't knock it down.Oh, but look at the back of the car.Sorry, but you said «reverse».I didn't say «drive into the lamp-post». Well, you'veturned the car round now, so drive back to the trafficlights and go straight across.Are we going to the park?The roads are quiter near the park. Oh, not too fast!The lights are green.Slow down! The lights are changing!I can't slow down.
There! We are across.The lights were red!It's all right. There were no policemen.I know why your last instructor left. He wanted to stayalive.That's not a very nice thing to say. And it's not true.He left because he wasn't very well.Stop the car, please. Oh, gently!Sorry. Did you hit your head on the roof?No. Luckily I was wearing the seat belt. Now I wantyou to practise driving backwards. Reverse the parkgates. Look first, than reverse in.Right.Oh, you've hit the gate!...
Now you are driving on thegrass!I'm going backwards down the hill and I can't stop!Help me!Use the brakes! Don't drive into the lake!S.:M.G.:S.:Too late.Look what you've done. You reversed into a lamppost. You hit the park gate. Now you've driven intothe lake. Oh, why didn't you stay with the other driving school?They had no more cars left.Heavy-Lift DirigibleUnlike other new dirigible projects the giant CargoLifter CL160 (Germany) is aimed at heavy-lift cargo applications, not attourism or advertising. It will be the beginning of a new era infreight transport.The 260-meter-long, 65-meter-diameter semi-rigid airship willbe capable of transporting 160 ton loads-equivalent to 36 standard40-ft containers — to out-of-the-way (remote) construction sites10,000 km away. With a cruise speed of just 80-120 km/hr the CL160 would not get the load to its destination nearby as fast as aheavier-than-air craft such as Antonov An-124, but it would alsonot require the landing facilities needed for the unusually large aircraft.Moored (причаливать) above the delivery site, the airship willlower loads using an onboard crane without actually having totouch down.
A crew of five, including navigator and two cargomasters (высококвалифицированные рабочие) would man theship.In fact, the CargoLifter project was bom of a logistics need expressed by manufacturers of electric generators, turbines and otheroutsized (i.e., larger than the usual size) machinery.Rolls-Royce-Turbomeca turboshaft engines are to be used formaneuvering the big airship, cruise being provided by diesel powerplants.What Is GPS?The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but now the systems isavailable for civilian use.
GPS works in any weather conditions,anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbitand transmit signal information to Earth. GPS receivers take thisinformation and use triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal269was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. Thetime difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is.Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, thereceiver can determine the user's position and display it on theunit's electronic map.A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least threesatellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) andtrack (прослеживать) movement.
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