диссертация (1169608), страница 21
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The GCC countries are also themain hope of Khartoum for obtaining loans in order to do away with the budget deficit228Saudi Arabia to Invest up to $10 Billion in Russia [Electronic resource] // The Wall Street Journal. – URL:https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-to-invest-up-to-10-billion-in-russia-1436198674?alg=y229[ ال رو س ية »إ س ك ندر« صواري خ شراء ت ري د ال س عودي ةSaudi Arabia wants to buy Russian Iskander missiles][Electronic resource] // Sputnik.
– URL: https://arabic.sputniknews.com/russia/201606061019085678/230Defence & Security News – Bahrain. // Army Recognition [Electronic resource] – URL:http://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/bahrain_shows_interest_to_purchase_russian_pantsir-s1_short-range_air_defense_system_12810154.html231[ ل لدب اب ات ال م ضادة »ك ورن يت« ب صواري خ ت تزود ال بحري نBahrain is equipped with anti-tank "Kornet"missiles][Electronicresource]//SputnikArabic.–URL:https://arabic.sputniknews.com/arabic.ruvr.ru/news/2014_08_13/275884020/81and replenish the stock of cash currency.
Therefore, it was hardly news for closeobservers that Sudan became the third state after Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, whichsevered diplomatic relations with Iran in January 2016 in protest after the attack on theSaudi embassy in Tehran. Moreover, Riyadh undertook to do everything possible to liftAmerican sanctions from Sudan, under which the country had been for more than tenyears in connection with the accusation of sponsoring terrorism. And the first step inthis direction was made by the previous President Barack Obama, who before hisdeparture signed a decree on the partial lifting of the embargo.
This trend continued in2017 - in the public space, Sudan's representatives are in agreement with the position ofSaudi Arabia, condemning Iran's interference in various conflicts in the Middle Eastregion232.3.3. The Problems of Building a New System of Collective Security within theFramework of the Council of Cooperation of the Arab States of the Arabian GulfAs the most balanced and lasting agreement between the states of the Arabworld, the Council of Cooperation of the Arab States of the Arabian Gulf, whichincludes six states, seriously rethinks its actions in response to regional conflicts and theprevailing instability.
The time to avoid involvement in conflicts and to entrusting other,extra-regional states to solve local problems, has passed233. The current state of affairs issuch that the countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the ArabianGulf have demonstrated that today they will no longer be able to continue to remainidle, but, on the contrary, should pursue a more proactive macroregional policy in thecontext of the complex situation in the Middle East. Although Oman continues todemonstrate its neutrality, the rest of the Council has become more self-sufficient andresolute on the issue of protecting its common interests not only in the Gulf subregionbut also in the Middle East.
The issues of concern to the states of the Council of232[ »اإلي ران ية ال مخططات« ضد ال س عودي ة مع ت ضام نا إي ران مع ال دب لوما س ية اتال ع الق ق طع ي ؤك د ال سودانSudanconfirms the severance of diplomatic relations with Iran in solidarity with Saudi Arabia against «Iranian plans»] [Electronicresource] // CNN Arabic. – URL: http://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2016/01/04/sudan-saudi-iran-tensions233Imad K. Harb. New Developments in GCC Security Thinking // Gulf Affairs, Oxford, UK. 2016. – P.282Cooperation of the Arab States of the Arabian Gulf forced them to take a moredetermined political stance, especially because of Iran's regional activity - the “cold”confrontation in Lebanon and the “hot” proxy conflicts in Iraq, Syria and Yemen.The absolutization of Iranian interventionism rallies the Gulf States, forcingthem to iron out certain differences or postpone the most pressing issues for anindefinite time.For the leadership of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its understanding of thethreats to the regional security of the bloc, the current state of affairs seemsunacceptable, which is indirectly confirmed by the analysis of the report on the regionalsecurity problem of the Gulf countries, which was published in Arabic in early 2016 bythe Saudi research center Gulf Research Center234.
One has to admit that the perceptionof Tehran's activity in the interpretation of the authors of the report is not justdestructive, but archaizing, aimed at destroying the national statehood in the region,which is viewed exclusively through the prism of Pan-Arabism. In this context, it is thepolicy of the Arab Gulf states that aims to cement the traditional institutions ofstatehood. Since the crisis liberated by the protest movement of the “Arab Spring”brought the historically established pillars of the Arab world (Iraq, Syria, and Egypt) outof active participation in the “game of nations”, the responsibility for the future of theregion and its security fell on the Council states235.Nevertheless, not all the states that are members of the Council of Cooperationof the Arab States of the Arabian Gulf share the views of Saudi Arabia, the head of thisorganization, on the development of relations with Iran.
Alliances in the region in thisturbulent time are changing quite rapidly under the influence of regional andinternational conflicts. Following the signing of the agreement on the Iranian nuclearprogram in July 2015 and the relative warming of the relations between the Islamic234New perspectives of economic development: Department of the Middle East and Central Asia.
May 2015[Electronicresource]//OfficialsiteoftheWorldMonetaryFund.URL:http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2015/mcd/eng/pdf/mreo0515st.pdf235« م نذ مرة ألو ل إن تاجها خ فض ع لى ت ت فق »أوب ك2008 [“OPEC” agrees to cut production for the first time since2008] [Electronic resource] // Al-Arabiya. URL: https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/aswaq/oil-and-gas/2016/11/30/ ال فال حأع ضاء-أوب ك-ي ق ترب ون-من-ال تو صل-إلت فاق.html83Republic of Iran and the West, that took place until Trump’s decision to break the deal,many countries in the region began to rethink their tactics regarding Tehran236.After coming to power of President Hassan Rouhani, he declared that after thesolution of the nuclear problem the next task was the normalization of relations betweenIran and the Arabian gulf countries.
However, if the first task was successfully solved,then the second cannot be solved simply because of deep political, economic andgeopolitical reasons. Saudi Arabia views Iran as its main enemy. The goal of SaudiArabia was, therefore, to break the "axis of resistance" (Iran-Iraq-Syria-Hezbollahmovement) and, according to some experts, has become one of the triggers of theconflict in Syria currently.Despite the similar context of counterparty actions, the team of the newpresident Hassan Rouhani made a number of attempts to normalize relations with theneighbors over the Arabian Gulf. In the summer of 2014, a high-ranking delegationfrom the United Arab Emirates visited Tehran. Then came the visits of Iranian ForeignMinister Mohammad Javad Zarif to Kuwait and Qatar.
However, the contradictionsbetween the two leading countries of the Islamic world proved insurmountable, thecrises in the relations ultimately led to a unilateral rupture of diplomatic relations. Theresult of diplomatic disturbances at the moment is a speech by the Minister of ForeignAffairs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Adel al-Jubair, at the Munich conference onFebruary 17, 2017, where Saudi Arabia called Iran the main sponsor of global terrorismand renounced Tehran's calls for dialogue237.At the same time, the member countries of the Council of Cooperation of theArab States of the Arabian Gulf are not at the moment inclined to flaunt their owncontradictions, so in the public field they often demonstrate a unified position.
InJanuary 2016, at a press conference, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri notedthat after a regular summit of the League of Arab States, a special group consisting ofthe UAE, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Egypt was set up to work out responses against236Regional Economic Outlook Update Middle East and Central Asia Department. May 2015. – URL:https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/aswaq/oil-and-gas/2016/11/30/ https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/09/199529.html237The Ground Shifts in the Middle East. [Electronic resource] // Council on Foreign Relations.– URL:https://www.cfr.org/blog/ground-shifts-middle-east84Iranian activity in the region, adding that “Iran takes advantage of inter-confessionalwars in the countries of the Middle East”238.
Another important statement of the reportis the provision that all elements of regional security in the Middle East are interrelatedand interdependent; therefore, ensuring the security of the Gulf countries in isolationfrom the rest of the region is impossible. Thus, implicitly not only the space of theArabian Gulf was placed in the sphere of influence of the Council of Cooperation of theArab States of the Arabian Gulf, but the entire territory of the Middle East, implying theLevant and part of the Maghreb with Egypt and Libya239.The absence of a separate emphasis on systemic regional conflicts - Syrian andArab-Israeli - makes it necessary to describe the proposed system as hierarchical, notbased on a balance between its various elements, but on the basis of ensuring theinterests and security of the Gulf countries that perceive the rest of the region as astrategic depth area.
The statement in the above mentioned report about the naturalnessof the succession of regional leadership by the Gulf countries from Egypt, Syria andIraq presupposes the inclusion of these countries in a single regional system of relations,which also does not imply parity in the ranking of states. So, the specific perception ofYemen is characteristic not only as a sphere of interests of the Gulf States, but also asthe object of their policy rather than the subject of relations. It is no accident that theauthors take the liberty to determine the true interests of the Yemeni people.A new threat to the countries of the Arabian Gulf was the activities of theterrorist organization “Islamic State” (ISIS), which arose in the territories close to theirborders.
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