диссертация (1169608), страница 22
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ISIS does not represent a typologically new threat, but rather a quintessence ofthe already existing danger of the rise and spread of fundamentalism in the Middle East.This danger, which affects the countries of the Council of Cooperation of the ArabStates of the Arabian Gulf from within, is aimed at their territorial integrity240.238Mustafa Al Zarooni. Arab countries mull unified approach to face Iranian threat [Electronic resource] //Khaleej Times.
– URL: http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/arab-countries-mull-unified-approach-to-face-iranianthreat239[ رجيال خا اي ران ذراع ال ثوري ال حرسRevolutionary Guards Iran's external arm] // رواب ط ساحة مرك ز. [Electronicresource]. – URL: http://rawabetcenter.com/archives/56240[ ال فار سي ال خ ل يج ف ي جدي د أم ني ن ظامImagine a new security system in the Arabian Gulf] [Electronicresource]. // ك ارن ي غي ك زمر. [Carnegie Center] – URL: http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/11/19/ar-pub-6202885Manama, as well as Riyadh, sees Iran as the main threat to regional security,repeatedly stressing the need for greater integration by transforming the GulfCooperation Council of the Arab States into a Union with a significant military branch.Yet, it is impossible to counter Iran's expansionist policies only by the forces of theCouncil.
Consequently, further financial support from Washington will be needed,whose presence in the region will not contribute to resolving the disputes, but will onlylead to further tensions in relations with Iran. It is de facto a blind alley.An important element of regional security for the member countries of theCooperation Council is the internal protest potential. The popular unrest in 2011 in anumber of large Omani cities and provinces (Muscat, Suhar and Salalah), in Manamaand a suburb of the Bahraini capital, in the eastern provinces of Saudi Arabia, etc.threaten not only the existence of current regimes, but also the entire current set ofregional relationships, since the foundation and guarantor of the latter is precisely thetraditional autocratic nature of foreign policy decisions in the Arab Gulf countries241.The states of the Council of Cooperation of the Arab States of the Arabian Gulfuse a variety of tools to solve these problems.
The most important steps thatsignificantly influenced the outcome of the confrontation between the Arab “street” andthe government were the decision of the countries of the Cooperation Council toallocate to Oman and Bahrain in March of the same year 20 billion dollars to overcomefinancial difficulties, which allowed the countries mentioned to a certain extent to dousethe domestic flames insofar as meeting the financial and economic requirements ofprotesters was concerned.The most telling illustration of Oman's position on the issue of expanding thegeography of the members of the Council of Cooperation of the Arab States of theArabian Gulf due to the accession to this organization of Morocco and Jordan is aremark made by the Foreign Minister of Oman, Juan Ben Alawi, during his talks withhis Jordanian counterpart N.
Jude in Muscat on the sidelines of the meeting of foreignministers of the countries of the Cooperation Council in 2011. Responding to the241Bahrain puts groups on terrorism list after bomb kills three police [Electronic resource] // Reuters. – URL:http://www.reuters.com/article/us-bahrain-unrest-idUSBREA231FC2014030486Jordanian minister for his remark that 95% of Jordanians support the idea of Jordanjoining the organization, Y.
Ben Alawi said, in turn, that the same percentage of thepopulation of the Gulf is against this idea242.Thus, at this stage, we can safely state the growing divergence in views andpositions of the countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the ArabianGulf on a number of priority tasks that require a consolidated approach with a view tominimizing the negative consequences for both the said regional organization and foreach individual country-participants of the association.242Bahrain puts groups on terrorism list after bomb kills three police [Electronic resource] // Reuters.
– URL:http://www.reuters.com/article/us-bahrain-unrest-idUSBREA231FC2014030487CHAPTER IVRUSSIAN-BAHRAINI RELATIONS. MAIN AREAS OF BILATERALCOOPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REGIONAL SECURITYPROJECT4.1. Russian-Bahraini Relations in the Trade and Economic Sphere at the PresentStageThe expansion of economic ties with the countries of the Middle East hasbecome an integral part of Moscow's long-term strategy in the region. Energy - the mainexport commodity of the Russian economy, for most Arab countries remained anirrelevant factor - either due to the own wealth of mineral resources, or because of thelack of a powerful energy-intensive industry. At the same time, Russia proved to be acompetitive supplier of industrial finished goods, including products of the nuclear,space, automotive industries and, of course, armaments.
The Middle East has alsobecome an important area for the growing supply of agricultural products243.By the end of 2010, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Syria and Turkey had becomeimportant trading partners for Russia in areas not related to oil and gas. A special placein this row is occupied by smaller and medium-sized powers interested in the Russiantechnological potential in a bid to diversify their economies.
Despite close ties withWashington, countries such as Bahrain not only did not join Western sanctions againstRussia, but also began consultations on preferential trade agreements with Russia onmultilateral trading platforms (like EEU)244.Socio-political movements of 2010-2011 exposed the actual strengths of theRussian strategy in the region. The policy of “equal tolerance” allowed Moscow to gainrecognition and made it less dependent on partner relations with any one country.Russia’s stepping up on Syria did not cause a break in relations with thecountries of the Arabian Gulf.
On the contrary, in 2015 a number of symbolic visits243Байков А.А., Истомин И.А. Неожиданные партнеры России на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке //Международные процессы. 2013. №2. С. 121–128244Middle East Notes and Comment: Russia, the United States, and the Middle East [Electronic resource] //Centre for Strategic & International Studies. – URL: https://www.csis.org/analysis/middle-east-notes-and-comment-russiaunited-states-and-middle-east88took place at the ministerial level.
Moreover, Saudi Arabia offered lucrative investmentprojects in exchange for softening Moscow's policy in Syria with respect to someresistance groups245. Since early 2016, Russia and Saudi Arabia, as the two largestenergy producers, have been engaged in discussing measures to stabilize the oilmarket246.Although many of the initiatives have not been implemented precisely becauseof current ideological differences, the intensity of the dialogue indicates the recognitionby the Middle Eastern players of the fundamental importance of Russia's presence in theregion.
Economic and financial instruments under these conditions act as a stabilizingplatform for the formation of pragmatic political interaction. The Russian position onSyria and the substantial contribution of Moscow to the conclusion of the deal on theIranian nuclear program confirmed its ability to rationally use the opportunities thatwere opening up247. As a result, the opinion in the region about the inappropriateness ofignoring, removing or diminishing Moscow's regional involvement.
On the contrary, itbecame clear in local capitals that it was necessary to build strong economic ties with it,which would later allow local players to more vigorously argue for a win-win interest ofthe Kremlin248.The authorities of Bahrain position the kingdom as a "gateway to the ArabianGulf region." These claims are substantiated by the historical and geographical status ofBahrain (from ancient times the island has been the center of trade), supplementedalready at the present stage by a developed transport infrastructure: the island has amodern airport and a seaport.
The discovery of the oilfield in 1932 was a turning pointin the economic and social life of Bahrain, and also significantly and comprehensivelyinfluenced modern development249.245Саудовская Аравия инвестирует в экономику России $10 млрд [Электронный ресурс] // пресс-службаРоссийского фонда прямых инвестиций (РФПИ). 07.07.2015. – URL: http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/59685246Khan M.
Hopes of Saudi-Russian entente sends oil price rocketing [Electronic resource] // The Telegraph.28.01.2016. – URL: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/12128514/Oil-prices-rocket-on-hopesof-Saudi-Russianentente.html247Obama Thanks Putin for Russia’s Role in Iran Nuclear Deal [Electronic resource] // 16.07.2015. – URL:http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-russia-call-idUSKCN0PP2RI20150716248Suchkov M.A. Russia’s Plan for the Middle East. The National Interest. 15.01.2016. – URL:http://nationalinterest.org/feature/russias-plan-the-middle-east-14908249Бахрейн: маленькая страна, большие возможности? [Электронный ресурс] // РСМД.– URL:http://russiancouncil.ru/inner/?id_4=8157#top-content89At the beginning of the new century, Bahrain faced with the threat of a reductionin hydrocarbon reserves, in particular oil resources, which forced the authorities tobegin developing technologies for refining and distilling oil.
Bahrain has become theonly state of the Arabian Gulf importing crude oil. It was the transition from oilproduction to its processing and distillation that increased the inflow of foreign capitalinto the country, and the growing volumes of liquid cash predetermined thedevelopment of Bahrain as an international banking center. However, oil is a limitedresource, in addition, its reserves of "black gold" are much inferior to the volumes ofneighbors along the Gulf. An additional argument in favor of economic diversificationand the development of human capital is the price crisis experienced by the oil marketsince 2014.In order to strengthen the economic growth and attractiveness of Bahrain forinvestors not only from the Middle East countries, but also the world, the new KingHamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who came to power in 1999, initiated economic and politicalreforms based on the liberalization of the economic sector and the promotion of privateenterprise.
To date, the Kingdom of Bahrain is characterized by a significant opennessof the economy, holds a leading position in international ratings on the indices offinancial freedom and economic development250.As a result, despite the decline in revenues from the export of petroleumproducts, the economy of Bahrain is in the growth stage. This is evidenced by theinvestment policy of the kingdom.
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