Диссертация (1146701), страница 41
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Grammar1. Read the passage from the script and complete the sentences with the correct form of theverbs:to cool to reachto freeze to become (x2) to trap232to be to build up to collide to riseOne of the greatest mountain chains in the world, the Andes, like a barrier, (1) ____ thisdangerous mixture of warm and cold air in the same place.
As the moist air (2) ___ , it (3) _____and water particles (4) ____. Some (5) ____ small ice crystals, others larger, slushy ice. These twodifferent types of ice (6) ____ and (7) ____ electrically charged. An electric field (8) ____ until itbecomes so strong to (9) _____ the earth below. The lightning (10) _______ the by-product of theextreme air movements within the storm clouds.2. In the following sentences use the modal verbs:might (x2)mayshould (x2)Watches and warnings are given for severe weather. They are announced on television, radio,and the internet. A watch means that severe weather is possible.
People (1) ____ listen for moreinformation. A warning indicates that severe weather has been seen. People (2) ____ take cover.There (3) _____be danger. A hurricane warning (4) ____ tell people to leave the area and move to asafer place. It (5) ____ tell what roads have closed due to flooding. Most places use sirens to warnpeople of severe weather.3. Focus on Tenses. In this additional text open the brackets and use the verbs in the correct form(Active or Passive).For the third time this year, a tornado _______ (to cause) massive destruction along thelength of Tornado Alley, the notorious area from South Dakota to Texas where most tornadoesstrike. The main damage ______ (to do) in the area north of ST Louis, Missouri.‘I __________ (to be terrified), said Arthur Rollings.
‘I _________ (to work) in the fields, and I________ (to drive) south along Route 19 in my trick. I _____ (to see) this gray column coming upfrom the south-east. I just _______ (to turn) round and ______ (to drive) north, as fast as I couldgo. I didn’t stop driving for an four. By the time I stopped, the tornado _____ (to turn) east’.When the tornado _______ (to reach) Missouri, it __________ (to cause / already) millions ofdollars’ worth of damage in five states. Several hundred homes in Texas _________ (to destroy),and the roof of a school in Kentucky _________ (to blow off).E. Reading comprehension1.
Match the sentences taken from the script of the film (a-f) with the information (1-6).a)b)c)d)e)f)The clouds are generated by heat evaporating moisture from the oceans and the land.Thunder that you hear is <…> as the cold and warm air masses mix.All the weather is the result of heat moving in the atmosphere.This landscape has got everything you need to brew a really rip-roaring storm.The lightning is just the by-product of the extreme air movements within the storm clouds.The weather patterns are complex because of the way the atmosphere interacts with theland, the sea and the planet’s ice.1.
The Earth can be considered as a system in which all components interrelate. These componentsare the atmosphere (air), lithosphere (land), cryosphere (ice), biosphere (plants and animals) andhydrosphere (water).2332. The system begins with the inflow of energy from the sun. The sun provides the energy whichdrives the atmosphere, affects temperatures and so creates our weather.3.
Clouds form where water vapour is cooled to saturation – the dew point. This is then followed bycondensation, leading to the formation of water vapour droplets or deposition of ice crystals.4. Storms are possibly the most dramatic of the common weather events. They can bring heavyrain, sometimes hail, thunder, lightning and occasionally tornadoes or waterspouts, almost any ofwhich can cause significant damage, particularly in urban areas.5. Thunder and lightning are probably the most dramatic features of common storms. The groundbeneath the storm develops a positive ‘shadow’. The electrical charge is discharged in a flash oflightning. A bolt of lightning is hotter than the surface of the sun.6. Heated air expanding very rapidly creates sound waves – thunder.
The speed of sound is muchless than that of light so there are several seconds’ delay between the flash of lightning and thesound of thunder.F. Speakingwords and phrases:In pairs, decide on the consequences a tornado can cause. Use the followingviolently rotating column of air, to spin upwards, to suck things up, to rip smth out, toblow off, to lift smth into the air, funnel-shaped wind, tornadoes occur, to pick up (cars),to rip smth off, to demolish houses, massive destructionG. Research and Inquiry.Homework. Use the Internet, or the library to find additionalinformation on weather extremes. Choose any topic from the list and give a presentation:1.2.3.4.5.6.Hurricanes: formation, measuring, tracking.Blizzards, avalanches.Monsoons.Drought.Flooding.Volcanic effects on the weather.234Приложение 7Постэкспериментальный срезEx.1Fill in the spaces 1 – 10 with the most suitable words.From Magellan’s first 1________ of the globe to contemporary sailing 2 ______, ships have beenan inspiration in 3________ , trade and recreation.
Though we no longer hollow out a tree to makea 4_______ or use the stars to 5 _______, the history of ships influences the types of 6 _______________ we see all over the world. Whether they are massive oil 7_________, extraordinarilyfast speedboats or colourful sailboats, ships are striking monuments to the human spirit of8 _______. In the past, explorers travelled to distant, unknown lands because of trade,9 ________, and settlement. They made important 10 __________ by sea.(10 marks)Ex.2Fill in the spaces with the suitable verb in the correct form, active or passive.to useto surroundto superviseto equipto overcometo rowto powerto isolateto beto forceIn ancient times, ships 1 _______ by slaves who 2 ______ to row until they3 _______with exhaustion.
Vikings drakkars (longships) also 4 ______ oars as well as sails. Today we5 ________ for pleasure and sport.Today’s engine and propeller 6 ______ the descendants ofthe eighteenth-century steam engine. Large freighters, designed for transporting heavy cargo loads,7 ______ with the largest diesel engines in the world, and their engine rooms 8 _______ fromseparate control centers. The mechanic 9 ______from the heat and constant drone and10 _________ by buttons, screens and all sorts of controls, like on a flight deck.(10 marks)3.
Translate the words and phrases in brackets into English.Tea clippersThe fastest 1 _________ (парусники) ever made were the British tea clippers built about 150years ago. British clippers were built 2 _______ (домчаться) from London to China and to bringback 3 ________ (грузы) of tea in the fastest possible time. To be home first meant big 4________ (прибыль) and honour to the 5_______ (команда) and captain.
Clippers were built forspeed. They were 6 _________ (обтекаемой формы), had perfect balance and huge sails to catchas much wind as possible. The bow 7 _______ (был спроектирован) to cut cleanly through water.But despite its speed, the days of tea clippers were numbered when the Suez Canal opened in 1869.8 ________ (пароходы) passing through the canal took half the time and were more 9 _________235(надежный) because they didn’t have to rely on winds, tides, 10 ________ (течения) and humanmuscle.(10 marks)4. Guess the word by its definition.1.
to put a boat or ship into the water – v,______2. the industry of making ships – n,____________3. an official record of events on a journey in a ship – n,4. the distance east to west of a particular meridian – n,5. the destruction of a ship in an accident – n,_________________________6. relating to ships, boats, or sailing – adj,________7. a ship that sails from port to port, but does not go further out to sea_______8. all the ropes, posts, and chains that hold up a ship’s sails –n,_______9. to raise, lift something (e.g. flag) using ropes – v,10. a fishing boat that uses a net – n,____________(10 marks)5. Translate the following text into English.1.
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