Подчасов А.С., Николаева Н.Е. - Пособие по переводу английской экономической литературы (грамматические трудности) (1121268), страница 5
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“since/as/for/once”in adverbial clausesA) “SINCE”: REASONModel 1Model 2We look forward to much attention being given to this question.Up to the present, international agreements on the prices of certain major goodshave scarcely modified the situation since prices are always dictated by the bigindustrial powers.Мы рассчитываем на то, что этому вопросу будет уделено большоевнимание.1Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full.A new firm can’t enter the market without its goods being distinguished from others by means ofan original trademark.2The stockholder doesn’t mind the investment interest being sent to his account in the bank.3The difference in the results obtained appears to be due to the equipment depreciation havingbeen calculated by different methods.4Foreign exchange analysts, despite all the fanfare and pep talk about the United States reasserting its leading role as a bastion of free enterprise, remain extremely skeptical that the dollar’sstrength can be sustained without the support of high interest rates.5With consumer prices in the euro area only 1% higher than they were a year ago, there is littlerisk of currency depreciation causing a dangerous surge in inflation.6While WTO accession would normally lead to the United States lifting Jackson-Vanik from Russia -- otherwise, Washington would be in violation of the trade organization -- the aide indicatedthat it was not certain that that would happen in this case.42До сих пор международные соглашения о ценах на некоторые основныетовары практически не изменили положение дел, поскольку цены всегдаопределяются крупными промышленными державами.1Since people dislike risk, they will not put all their eggs in one basket.2It was not a typical privatization, since all shares were sold to employees– what we call an employee buyout.3As prices rise, the country gradually becomes less competitive since thenominal exchange rate remains fixed.4Since occupational pensions are deferred wages, affiliates must be actively involved in the setting up, implementation and control of occupational pension schemes,as well as in the monitoring and strategic managementof pension funds.5Accounting has been called the language of business.That analogy is accurate, since accounting is a form ofcommunication.6It should be remembered that accounting reflects the environment in which it operates.
And sinceenvironments differ around the world it follows that accounting will also be different around theworld.7Since most “money” is actually nothing more than a saving or checking account at a local bank,the most effective way for a central bank to control the economy is to increase or decrease bank438910lending and bank deposits.Since most of the new technical knowledge is being produced by advanced countries, grantingstronger protection to intellectual property means that developing countries, who are primary usersof knowledge, end up transferring rents to the producers.Since a competitive advantage often goes to the entrepreneur who is quick to exploit it, many smallbusiness owners see strategic alliances as an essential part of their plan for growth.Since the real currency of such contracts is cash, rather than barrels of crude, there is no limit to thenumber of bets that can be made.
And since no oil is ever held back from the market, these bets donot affect the price of oil any more than bets on a football match affect the result.To form a limited partnership, partners must file a certificate of limited partnership with the proper stateoffice, as state law governs this form of organization.Maybe, as more people are forced to cut back, we will all start to think more carefully about how wespend our money.C) “AS”: TIMEB) “AS”: REASONModel 3Work-in-progress is kept to a minimum as goods are produced only as they areneeded for the next stage of production.Model 2This is very important to understand especially for small businesses as you haveto always think of your limited budget.Это особенно важно понять малому бизнесу, поскольку/так как вам всегдаприходится думать о своем ограниченном бюджете.Незавершенное производство сводится к минимуму, так как товарыпроизводятся лишь тогда, когда они нужны для следующей стадиипроизводства.1Even as the rest of the global economy slows down and some parts even flirt with recession, business in large parts of Africa is booming like never before.1As he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cutoff.22Greater confidence has driven down yields asinvestors needed less compensation for risk.All of them shared a sense of urgency as they watched the progress of a large and better financedcompetitor.33In Britain, government bond prices rose as investors continued to switch out of equities.What happened was that the financial markets became more and more powerful at the same timeas the controls on them became less and less stringent.4Mortgage rates are going up as the housing market is going down, and that’s not good.4As Europe adopts the Anglo-Saxon model, soit becomes easier for students to transfer ontocourses in other parts of the world that also havethe same system, such as North America andAustralasia.5In the future, as domestic gas prices increase and the cost of renewable energy technologies falls,the percentage share of renewables should grow.6A further sign of the hardship facing retailers came as the kitchen equipment and retailer ProCook fell into administration.5“Choosing suppliers is a hard thing to do, but we are doing it nevertheless, as we intend to workhere for a long time,” said the director for Renault in Russia.76But the world as a whole won’t suffer, as the great emerging economies of Asia - China and India- will carry on booming regardless.The proportion of China’s exports that were first imported from elsewhere before being finishedand sold on has dropped to 44 percent from over 50 percent last year, moving down as oil movedup.7Economic growth is the ultimate objective of economic policy as it provides the key to improvements in living standards and the provision of more and better social services.As quality is informally assessed by the price charged, it is important to choose a price that isconsistent with the image of the product and the other elements of the marketing mix.4445D) “FOR”: REASONE) “ONCE”: TIMEModel 4Model 6Television is the prime culprit for it has become the model for everything in oursociety.Once full employment has been achieved, any further expansion of demand willstimulate inflation.Телевидение — главный виновник, так как оно стало моделью всегосуществующего в нашем обществе.Как только будет достигнута полная занятость, любое увеличение спросабудет подстегивать инфляцию1The rules that Europe has adopted say that no country can withdraw from the Union once it enters.2Once the first entrepreneurial investment of capital has been made, someone must be hired to manage the new business, factory or other endeavor.3Once a company has sold its original stock to the public and it traded freely in the market, the pricewill be determined continuously during the trading day by what buyers will pay and what sellerswill take.4Agency (a federal regulatory agency in America) officials acquire intimate knowledge of thebusiness they regulate, and some officials are offered high-paid jobs in those industries once theirtenure at an agency is ended.5Can you trust the records and paperwork that your bank keeps on you? You may be a little less happy to accept its version of events once you have read about Paul Walton, who was on the receivingend of what Royal Bank of Scotland admits was “a series of unfortunate errors”.1It does not make sense to charge all users the same rate, for users at different times impose verydifferent marginal costs on society.2There is going to be a recession in America and probably in Britain too, for we have both sinnedwith our debt, our deficits and our soaring house prices.63If faster economic growth is desired, revision of the tax structure is called for to permit a higherrate of investment once full use of resources is achieved.It doesn’t really apply to rich Japan, for its domestic economy is weak and so the loss of exportsto the US will injure it more.74Technological advance means increased concentration of ownership, for the largest corporationsare best able to develop and introduce new techniques.5It was hoped to drive down the price of gold.
This wouldhelp to check any possible flight away from currenciesand paper money which, once under way, might threatena major disruption of the banking system such as occurred in the 1930s.When is an economic slump not a slump? The answer: When the economy in question is Japan’s.For what Japanese economic and business leaders are all too ready to define as a «slump» or«slowdown» would be considered a rosy picture in virtually any other industrial country of theWest.8Once the business is established, it might also be necessary to obtain further funds for either expansion or thecontinuation of existing operations.6When Dan Atkinson and I started work on our new book, The Gods That Failed, this time lastyear, our sense was that things were about to go seriously wrong for the global economy, forwhile the terminology had changed, the behaviour of markets had not.9Once a corporation attains S status, it stops paying corporate income taxes and instead passes taxable income or losses on to the stockholders.746This can only be done through control of credit as a public utility, for the causes of social distressare economic, and the economy is controlled through the monetary system.10Once customers have evaluated brands and made their choice, they must still decide how andwhere to make the purchase.47XII.
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