Подчасов А.С., Николаева Н.Е. - Пособие по переводу английской экономической литературы (грамматические трудности) (1121268), страница 2
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That is tosay, a conservative is usually defined as one who generally favors private initiative and opposesgovernment intervention; a liberal is usually defined as one who supports private enterprise but ismore willing to accept government intervention, and perhaps enthusiastically supports it.11D) “THOSE”: SUBSTITUTE WORDModel 4IV. one, itThe goods sold in the market are of lower quality than those of our company.A) “ONE”: INDEFINITE PERSONAL PRONOUNКачество товаров, продаваемых на рынке, ниже качества товаров нашейкомпании.1Stresses in the banking system are difficult to quantify—more so even than those in currency markets.2Support for protectionist measures, such as those advocated by statesman Alexander Hamilton just after the American Revolution, has often been strong.3A firm becomes a conglomerate when it expands into the production and sale of products quitedifferent from those with which it was traditionally involved.4The modern markets, particularly those in New York and Chicago, rely heavily on computerization each day to process millions of transactions.Model 1One can easily understand peoples’ aspirations for world peaceЛегко понять стремление народов к миру во всем мире.1How does one correctly assess the value of enterprises?2One has to replace inputs used up in one production cycle.34One defines efficiency as the relationship between factor inputs and output of goods and services.5Every social group has certain economic interests identical with those of all groups and alsointerests antagonistic to those of all other groups.6The flurry of buying and selling also creates a temptation for some “insiders” (those with access to special information) to try and manipulate the market in a given stock.57It should be remembered that, under company law, directors and managers are required toserve the interests of shareholders, not those of employees, customers, or society at large.6It is easy to set up a proprietorship, as one has only topurchase a license.7One can think of world income as the total of all the incomes earned by all the people in the world.One calls a consumer good such as a television, which isused over long periods of time rather than immediately, adurable good.One should know that each partner is liable for the debtsof the business.B) “ONE”: SUBSTITUTE WORDModel 2The economic crisis is now being compounded by a political one.Сейчас экономический кризис осложняется и политическим (кризисом).12131A closed economy is one which has no transactions with the rest of the world.2Economic dependence upon a foreign country is also a major obstacle to growth although onethat is not always obvious and easily definable.3In their quest for profits, they move resources out of declining industries into expanding ones.4The economic system of the United States is principally one of private ownership.5The chief executive has set out to transform City from a bank that knew how to grow onlythrough acquisitions to one that grows “organically”.67Imagine a firm, which switches from labour-intensive production to one where new technology isemployed in the factory.The marriage between the United States economy and the free enterprise system has been ahugely successful one, but not one without problems.C) “IT”: FORMAL SUBJECTModel 3D) “IT”: FORMAL OBJECTModel 4Не felt it his duty to help the Government.Он считал своей обязанностью помочь правительству.1Society considers it convenient to use a monetary unit to determine relative costs of differentgoods and services.2Small family farms found it increasingly difficult to compete, and more and more farmers leftthe land.3People found it a lot easier to give the seller a letter than it was to fetch some gold and thenphysically hand it over to him.4During the rapid German inflation of 1922-1923 when prices in marks were changing veryquickly, German shopkeepers found it more convenient to use dollars as the unit of account.5It is possible for an agreement to be reached.Достичь соглашения возможно.1It is advisable to evaluate the current position of the company by preparing a trial balance.2It is the function of a banking system to keep the very dynamic economic “machine” adequatelylubricated.3It is necessary that we take an inventory of the capital assets.4It is essential that they keep accurate records of every transaction.5More importantly, in regard to truly ascendant powers such as China, it is imprudent to assumethat economic prosperity will necessarily pacify Chinese national ambitions.6714Keynes was one of the first to argue that it was the special duty of government to actively influence the economy through fiscal policies.To understand the model of stock control, it is first necessary to investigate why firms are willingto invest in stocks.67The takeover bids that have pumped this year’sstock market will be curtailed and the most debt-laden borrowers may find it impossible to raise funds.Contraband makes it possible for many workers tobuy electronic and other consumer goods that wouldotherwise be out of reach.There is little evidence that mergers are making iteasier to cheat consumers; on the contrary, the ability to shop electronically, by telephone or on theInternet leaves customers with more choices thanever before.8In time, additional laws made it easier for the Fedto expand credit when a financial disaster seemedlikely.9The independent-minded farmers sometimes found it hard to accept that they should think interms of long-range self-interest rather than next year’s crop.10Keynesians saw unemployment and inflation as opposing evils and found it difficult to explainthe coincidence of the two.15V.
DoB) EMPHATIC “DO”Model 2A) “DO”: SUBSTITUTE VERBThe state of the economy and the general trend of national politics do have someinfluence on the voters.Model 1Состояние экономики и общая тенденция развития национальной политикидействительно оказывают некоторое влияние на избирателей.Economies today depend less on oil than they did.В настоящее время экономики меньше зависят от нефти, чем прежде.12n real terms, oil now costs roughly what it did 50 years ago.3While communism did not survive into the post-industrial world that we now are entering, capitalism did.4Civil servants probably have less training in business evaluation than do private sector analysts.5The number of workers in the film industry increases, and so does the film output, but on thewhole each additional worker produces less additional films.6The firm has hired 1,000 extra brokers in the past two years and now brings in more revenue thanit did before the disaster.7Much American industry has migrated to the southern and western parts of the United States,regions that have a weaker union tradition than does the North or the East.8If you believe, as most academics do, that markets are reasonably efficient, then investors cannot trade profitably on the basis of public information, such as analyst recommendation, since allsuch data are instantly incorporated into share prices.We want to know why the economy works as it does.9Next year will be another depressing year on the farm.
The federal government will try to helpout with emergency aid and by opening trade barriers, as it did recently with a new export agreement with China.10The Governor made it brutally plain today, as he did yesterday, that further easing of interest rateswill be only limited and gradual.161A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have anumber of advantages.2Speculators do play an important role in setting the price of oil and other raw materials.3What does represent a growing danger for the effectiveness of this organization is the reluctanceof some of its members to render assistance in case of financial difficulties.4We accept money not to consume it directly but because it can subsequently be used to buy thingswe do wish to consume.5If a recession does become a reality – and the risks lean that way – there could be further to go.6This new information does seem to confirm our earlier claim that, on average, the offer price wasset below the free market price.7The gold standard does provide an automatic mechanism for adjusting imbalances in the tradeand payments of different countries in the world economy.8President Roosevelt might not have done all the things he promised to do and all the things he diddo might not be for the country’s good in the long run — but what he did do seemed so much better than the deeds of any other single citizen in the land.9While people may have littleinterest in whether a business ispublic or private, they certainlydo care whether the phone worksor the bus comes in time.10If we do experience a recession,it will be because of the combination of adverse external eventsand home-grown financial excesses.17B) “IF …IS/ARE TO”, “IF … WAS/WERE TO”VI.
beModel 2A) “BE TO”: MODAL VERBFirms have to have confidence in future sales if they are to produce new goodsand services.Model 1В случае, если компании будут (хотят, собираются) производить новыетовары и услуги, они должны быть уверены в том, что эти товары и услугибудут востребованы.Microeconomics focuses on how individual prices are to be set.Микроэкономика концентрирует внимание на том, как (нужно)устанавливать цены на отдельные виды продукции.112Businessmen are to accept social responsibility beyond mere profit-making.234Prices are to regulate production and consumption in a market economy.3He realized early that France had to collaborate with other European countries if it was to compete with the American aviation giants.56The decree defined who was to grant licenses to auditors and auditing firms and register them.4Changes are inevitable if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to function properly.5If the economy were to head downhill fast, the Fed, despite its public worries about inflation, hasplenty of scope for cutting interest rates.7When Congress passed the Employment Act of 1946, it declared that the promotion of maximumemployment, production and purchasing power was to be the policy of the federal government.6If the United Nations is to deal adequately with the new situation, it itself will first require reform.8In making investment decision a financial manager is sure to use a wide variety of informationprovided by all departments of the company.7Another topic was the importance of fully integrating nations such as Russia and China into theworld economic scheme if the United States and Europe are to have stable relations with them.8If capitalism with Chinese characteristics is not to become as dirty a phrase in China as cronycapitalism has in Russia, Eastern Europe and parts of East Asia, checks are urgently needed tostop local bosses enriching themselves at others’ expense.9The major U.S.
auto companies lost an astonishing $4.2 billion last year. Of the three, only General Motors is likely to show a profit this year. If the two weaker companies were to collapse,hundreds of thousands of jobs would be lost in the auto industry alone, and perhaps a millionjobs, taking into account the industries that produce materials for cars such as steel and glass.Responsibilities and obligations possessed by the Russian trade unions are to be envied.This act focused on full employment, but it didn’t specify how the goal was to be achieved.9It was to have been the biggest mergerin corporate history, creating a colossus with a market capitalization of$ 205 billion, second only to that ofGeneral Electric.10 Politicians and economists might ar-gue about how to achieve growth andhow the fruits of growth were to bedistributed, but most people acceptedthe desirability of growth.18Italy needs to get a firmer hold on this corner of the market if its dominance of the fashion industry is not to be threatened.The market is to decide how much to produce.10If the solidity of bank finances is to be tested, the markets have chosen a good time to do so.Investment raises the productivity of labour and land, and is therefore essential if firms are toremain competitive.19VII.
Passive VoiceModel 2The fluctuations in price are influenced by supply and demand.Предложение и спрос оказывают влияние на колебания цен.Model 1High investment is associated with rapid growth of demand.Высокий уровень капиталовложение связан с быстрым повышением спроса.201Economists are interested in the overall level of investment for two basic reasons.2The weapons of Keynesian demand management are taxation, government spending, interestrates, to a lesser extent, controls on bank lending.
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