Подчасов А.С., Николаева Н.Е. - Пособие по переводу английской экономической литературы (грамматические трудности) (1121268), страница 3
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The first two weapons are referred to as fiscalpolicy, whereas the last two weapons are referred to as monetary policy.3Venture capital is often associated with two developments of recent decades – management buyouts and management buyins.4Decentralized purchasing means that considerable discretion is given to departments.5Statistical quality control is based on the assumption that perfect quality is unattainable and/ortoo expensive.6High stock levels mean that excess capital is tied up in an unproductive manner.7Much of the European Commission’s activity is carried out at a technical level in Committees,and the Commission is with some justification accused of excessive secrecy.1Earnings trends were influenced by exchange rates during the year.2Foreign exchange prices are influenced by economic and political events and sometimes by thespeculation of individual traders.3Bureaucrats do not understand the quasi-automatic system of the market.
They are always disturbed by it.4Aggregate demand is the powerful economic signal that stimulates production of goods that trulyare wanted by a significant number of individual people.5There is no doubt that external sources of inflationary tension are followed by or in some casessupplemented by a certain number of internal factors.6The transition period was hindered by a crumbling infrastructure, rising unemployment and hyperinflation.7In its simplest form, monetarism can be traced back to ancient times.21Model 3This relatively predictable part of income is called consumption spending.Эту относительно предсказуемую часть дохода называют потребительскими расходами.VIII.
Participleand participial constructionA) PARTICIPLE I: ATTRIBUTE1Pension protection should be guaranteed to workers who are transferred from public to privateemployment, e.g. through outsourcing.Model 12Anderson’s freeconomics thesis is that more and more goods and services are being provided forfree and that those businesses that fail to follow suit are likely to go to the wall.No one minimized the scale of the problems facing the EU, which is seeking toreform its budget322Risk is a basic feature of business life. Thefuture is uncertain and business decisionsare made in the absence of perfect knowledge of the future course of events.4As incomes are earned from contributingto production, national income is logicallyequal to national output.5For the short- and long-term health of theeconomy, investment is seen as being ofcrucial importance.6Because financial accounts are prepared for shareholders it is essential that they are producedunder a standard set of rules.7In this model, investment-banking products are sold to wealth-management clients, and wealthmanagement products to investment-banking clients.Никто не преуменьшал масштабы проблем, стоящих перед ЕвропейскимСоюзом, который стремится реформировать свой бюджет.1All the spending taking place in the economy adds up to aggregate demand.2Oil and its derivatives are basic inputs for many household products ranging from plastic utensilsto polyester clothing.3Positive economics analyses issues relating to the description of the past and the prediction of thefuture.4For traders willing to take on the substantial risk of uncertainty in equity markets today, cheaperassets are certainly attractive.5People looking at the instability in global financial markets will have heard the usual mix of optimistic and pessimistic assessments, each presented with equal vigor.6The National Foreign Trade Council,representing 550 of the nation’s topmultinational companies and banks,warned in a report yesterday that international provisions in the US tax codewere seriously «out of step» with thoseof other big industrial countries.7Agricultural land prices are rising fast,thanks to confidence in the industry’sfuture and to rich-but-disillusionedCity slickers looking for a slice of rural idyll to retire to, or at least to spendtheir weekends in.23B) PARTICIPLE II: ATTRIBUTEC) PARTICIPLE I: ADVERBIAL MODIFIERModel 3Commenting last night on the plan he warned the Ministry of the critical situationwhich might develop.Model 2Under soviet power the function of revising accounting transactions was exercisedby inspectors called ‘revisers’Вчера вечером, комментируя этот план, он предупредил министерство отом, что положение может оказаться критическим.При советской власти функция проверки бухгалтерских операцийвыполнялась инспекторами, называвшимися ревизорами.1Those involved in making decisions whether to invest abroad will be sensitive to the actual andexpected situation in foreign exchange markets.2Economists make a number of assumptions that, although somewhat divorced from reality, enableus to concentrate on the variable we wish to study.3Infrastructure providers such as Ericsson are vulnerable to difficulties experienced by mobilephone makers and network operators.4In the United States, impetus for management change got a big boost in 1984, when the giant BellTelephone System, a private monopoly regulated by government ceased to exist.5But the right-wing Labour leaders, though forcedto give way on some questions, will stick to thepolicies which have brought about a falling standard of living for working people.6724The 19th-century economists thought capital onlyto comprise wealth produced by industry in thepast.
Wealth, such as land and ore, not havingbeen produced, was not included in capital.By choosing a basket of necessary goods andservices and calculating their cost in differentcountries around the world, we can compare thepurchasing power or “real” value of salaries fromcountry to country. It gives us a more reliable exchange rate, called purchasing power parity (PPP).Model 4Being traded openly on the stock exchange, government securities make monetary policies more flexible.Так как государственные ценные бумаги находятся в открытой продаже нафондовой бирже, они делают кредитно-денежную политику более гибкой.1Imposing customs tariffs, the governments protect domestic producers.2Serving as a means of exchange, money is essential in economy.3Holding stocks of goods wholesalers perform a valuable economic function maintaining the necessary level of goods supply.4America’s commercial banks bought back $58 billion-worth of their shares, suggesting they havecapital to spare.5Trade data due this week is forecast to show a weakening in the manufacturing sector, heightening the risk of an imminent recession.6The rapid industrialization of China’s economy means that it is likely to consume a majority ofthe world’s supply of all the major metals and minerals, potentially leading to clashes with othercountries over access to resources.7Figures for the number of properties changing hands in the period from July to October showed amarked decrease from the previous year, adding to the picture of a cooling market.8Being issued by the Treasury on a weekly basis, bills may be considered an instrument of themonetary policy.9Being an important part of distribution process, wholesaling helps manufacturers and retailers toavoid the risk of a fall in demand, for example due to fashion changes.2510Being an agreed measure of future payments in contracts, money serves as a standard of deferred payment.11Only being provided with the required resources, an enterprise can work efficiently and increaseits output.12Model 6No statement was issued at the weekend following a seven-hour meeting of Cabinet Ministers.Being responsible for the national debt, the Central Bank makes repayments on government securities, issues new long-term securities, makes regular payments of interest to holders of existinggovernment securities.D) PARTICIPLE II: ADVERBIAL MODIFIERModel 5If given the opportunity, this industry will rapidly develop.Если этой отрасли промышленности предоставить благоприятныевозможности, она будет быстро развиваться.26E) “FOLLOWING”: INTRODUCING CONSTRUCTIONS OR CLAUSESВ конце недели, после семичасового совещания министров кабинета, небыло опубликовано никакого заявления.1Prospects are bright for a big expansion of trade between these two countries, following the signing of a new three-year trade agreement.2Foreign investment in Indonesia has risen sharply, but there are renewed concerns about the country’s investor-friendliness following the release in June of revised foreign ownership limits.3A 9 percent drop on the Shanghai stock exchange last Tuesday, following reports that the Chinese leadership was planning steps to slow down the country’s economy, sent markets worldwidespiraling down.4To-day’s inflation report from the Bank of England shows that following the Government’s toughaction to get the economy back on track, growth is set to strengthen through next year with inflation falling to its 2.5 per cent target.1Such policies contributed to the crisis, and if left in place would harm long-term growth.2Stock market investors, bankers, industrialists and consumers, while relieved that the world economy did not jump off a ledge last week, will remain nervous of spending until they are convincedthat recent events are not the start of a long-term downtrend.5The number of people declared insolvent in England and Wales fell last year following nine yearsof consecutive rises.3When kept regularly and accurately, accounts may be a convenient tool of making a businessmore effective.6Consumer confidence has slumped to a record low following chaos in the financial markets,months of misery in the property sector and spiralling household bills.4Although accepted as a medium of exchange,domestic currency is thought to be an inadequate store of value under conditions of hyperinflation.5Every increase in hourly wages, unless or untilcompensated by an equal increase in hourlyproductivity, is an increase in costs of production.6Though regularly supplied by households, labour is never actually fully used.7When used as a store of value, money is savedfor future consumption.27F) “PROVIDED”: INTRODUCING CONSTRUCTIONS OR CLAUSES12345628G) “GIVEN”: INTRODUCING CONSTRUCTIONS OR CLAUSESModel 7Model 8A wider association of this kind is feasible, provided that the methods adopted arein line with those proposed at the conference.Given good will on the part of other states, this proposal of Russia could be carried into effect without further delay.Более широкая организация такого рода возможна, при условии, чтоприменяемые методы будут соответствовать методам, предложенным наконференции.Учитывая добрую волю со стороны других государств это предложениеРоссии можно было бы реализовать без промедления.In numbers we trust, provided they’re safe frompolitical meddling.12Weaker levels of mortgage lending is unsurprising given the tighter lending standards enacted inrecent months.It is too soon to reach any definitive judgment, given the relatively few companies privatized andthe extreme movements of oil prices which make it hard to compare that industry with others.Foreign-owned companies that set up Britishsubsidiaries to channel their profits pay no tax,provided their management and control remainoutside.3Given the efficient pricing structure, what is the efficient quantity of investment?The US economy usually grew fast enough toabsorb the newcomers, provided they were willingto work productively at slightly less than the wagerates paid to accumulated workers.4Analysts said the revision of the forecast for Hong Kong’s economy came as no surprise giventhe current economic climate.5It would be nice to have even more food and films but, given the amount of labour available, it issimply impossible to produce this output combination.6Given the current economic environment, it is an unfortunate fact of life that there are manyproperty owners in difficulty with their mortgage.7The weakness of activity and the dearth of credit means that further falls are inevitable, particularly given the Bank’s approach to interest rates.Directors can borrow money for the benefit of the company provided it is within the limits imposed on them.8Given the UK economy has grown on average by 2.5% over many decades, it is rare for grossdomestic product (GDP) to fall on an annual basis.The income from a living benefit is not subject to federal income tax, provided it meets certaincriteria.9Given the importance of this next phase of the downturn, we will be monitoring the scale of joblosses at Britain’s top companies.10Given that 72.8 per cent of British companies are sole traders, their difficulties soon translate intoserious issues for households.11This month’s drop in confidence is to be expected, given the recent run of bad news.Recreating documents is not against the law;banks are allowed to supply replacements if theoriginal paperwork has gone missing, providedthey are “correct in all particulars”.29H) ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION IN POST POSITIONI) ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION IN PRE-POSITIONМоdel 10Model 9The cargo was badly damaged by the fire, the owners suffering great losses.Employment hours having increased, the GNP will also increase.Груз был сильно поврежден пожаром, при этом (а, и, причем) владельцыпонесли большие потери.Так как количество рабочих часов увеличилось, увеличится и ВВП.1The Central Bank requires every commercial bank to hold a certain percentage of its deposits asreserves, the percentage being different for current accounts and time deposits.2Natural resources are one of the three factors of production, the other two being labour and capital.3Interest rates can affect aggregate demand, equilibrium level of output and employment adjusting correspondingly.456The difficulty of the forecasts in some countries cannot be underestimated, but they should beundertaken for planning purposes, it being recognized that there can be a considerable marginof error.The chief payments and receipts arise from trade in goods, payments having to be made for imports and being received from the sale of exports.True mass production was the inspiration of Henry Ford, who in 1913 adopted the moving assembly line; with each worker doing one simple task in the production of automobiles.1The country having a budget deficit, inflation may follow.2Whole cities (being) razed to the ground during the war, the building of houses was prioritynumber one.Ceiling prices being controlled by the government, goods may findtheir way to the black market.7Auctions make buyers bid against each other, with the seller taking a passive role.8The world distribution of income is unjust, with poor countries having 61 percent of the world’spopulation, but receiving only 6 percent of the world income.3Competition in the British life insurance market is cutthroat, with most of the main players reporting a decline in the profitability of new policies last year as they were forced to cut prices tomaintain market share.4910Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Malaysia suffered full-blown recessions, with growth ratesfalling by more than ten percentage points from peak to trough.11The strength of the economy was more illusory than real, with excess lending and borrowingleading to a housing bubble similar to that in America.30Interest rate being the opportunity cost of holding money, higher inflation reduces the demandfor real money.5Oil prices surging and food costs rising steadily, inflation may top 4 per cent by the end of theyear.6National income increasing, the total number of transactions usually increases.7Cheques being accepted in payment of purchases, people feel that a bank account is as good asor even better than money in their pocket.8The Central Bank acting as banker to commercial banks, the financial system works steadily.9Oil prices having surged to record levels and the cost of food in global markets soaring, theCity expects that the Bank will raise its forecasts for inflation this week.3110 With sales of automobiles on the domestic market sagging, and many dealers in deficit, thepressure to export autos last year was acute.11 With German industry pressing for lower interest rates to stimulate investment, the Bundesbank’s capacity to defend the mark is extremely limited.12 With the Government doing its utmost to keep wages down, and with price increases due toIX.
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