Подчасов А.С., Николаева Н.Е. - Пособие по переводу английской экономической литературы (грамматические трудности) (1121268), страница 4
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Infinitive andinfinitive constructionsA) INFINITIVE: ATTRIBUTEthe EU membership, the standard of living in this country would be given an extremely serioussetback.Model 113 With state pension systems being stretched by the ageing of Europe’s population and with re-This question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Moscow.14 With the prices going higher and higher and the wages frozen, it is becoming increasingly dif-Этот вопрос будет обсуждаться на конференции, которая должна вскореоткрыться (вскоре открывается) в Москве.turns on traditional savings instruments shrinking, investors are turning increasingly to mutualfunds.ficult for the British housewife to make both ends meet.1Measures to be taken by the government will notbe popular.2The dividends to be paid out this year will not behigh.34Finance is not the only thing to have gone globalin the past 25 years5The purpose of a demand analysis to be done isto determine which products the company can selland at what price.6Financial capital to be used in a business may either belong to the business itself or it may beborrowed from a bank.7Thus the additional cost of developing new technologies, let alone meeting tougher EU standardsto come, might prove more painful for makers of small cars than for those who make luxuryones.8Farm legislation introduced the concept of a “parity” price for farmers, a price to provide farmersthe same relative purchasing power that farm prices had in a favorable base period.91032Intermediate goods are the goods to be used asinputs in production of other goods.Manufacturers rely on intermediaries to be active and enthusiastic in selling their products.One policy decision to be made is whether large quantities should be ordered and received infrequently or small quantities should be ordered and received frequently.33B) INFINITIVE: ADVERBIAL MODIFIERModel 3This question is too difficult to be settled without further consultations.Model 2To (in order to) lower juvenile delinquency governments have to create jobs foryoung people.Чтобы снизить уровень преступности среди молодежи, правительстводолжно создавать рабочие места ля молодых людей.1A number of measures are taken in order toincrease profits of the enterprise.2To earn more profits the firm has to vary itstechnology.3456Firms and individuals spend their income toconsume and to invest.To analyze the labour market, an economistshould first explain how people allocatetheir time to production.With an increase in the price of one factorof production, to produce a given output thefirm starts using a technology economizingon the factor whose price has risen.To calculate profit-maximizing output and the corresponding quantities of the factors demanded,we have to calculate the total cost for all output levels.7To overcome the negative consequences of the global financial and economic crisis, we shouldtake effective joint actions to rehabilitate the global financial and investment system.8In order to stay competitive in your business you really need to step back and look at what youoffer and how you offer it.9British Airways is reducing their seat capacity and postponing delivery of A380’s in order tocope with the global economic downturn.10To stay competitive in a BeeZid auction you must develop a strategy and follow certain steps inorder to acquire items at really discounted prices.34Этот вопрос слишком сложен, чтобы его можно было решить (чтобы егорешить) без дальнейших консультаций.1The wage in this enterprise is too low to attract qualified workers.2The information is too outdated to be used for the analysis of the present-day situation.3The rate of unemployment is too high to be ignored by the trade unions.4Russia is now simply too big in the world to remain untouched by any major global shake-out.5The production costs have risen enough to become a real headache for the manager.6The job is well-paid enough to meet his requirements.7He has made a big enough contribution to the development of the project to hope for a successand a good share of the profit.8Capital investments in the production must be large enough to obtain the equity which stockholders will get in the form of dividends.9The pessimists will argue that the fear of a change in expected growth conditions can often beenough to change the previously expected consumption and investment patterns, and this, historically, has caused recessions and equity market crashes.10In developing countries, labour efficiency is too low in agriculture to hope for an increase in foodsupply in the near future.35C) INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION: COMPLEX OBJECTD) INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION: COMPLEX SUBJECTModel 4Model 5Many people believe the extent of public ownership in industry to depend verymuch on political ideology.Demand for imports is expected to rise when domestic income and output rise.Многие люди думают, что размер государственной собственностив промышленности в значительной степени зависит от политическойидеологии.Ожидается, что с повышением внутренних доходов и выпуска, спрос наимпорт возрастет.12The UK government is known to take nearly 40 percent of national income in taxes.3Alcohol and tobacco are usually believed to be products with a very inelastic demand.Large budget deficits are said to have resulted in rapid inflation.1The economics theory assumes each individual’s expenditure to contribute to some other individual’s income.2The government assumed the lower company taxes to promote domestic industry development.4An increase in the wage rate is expected to reduce the quantity of labour demanded.3Economists believe the availability of labor to be an essential requirement for economic activity.5More people have been found to choose to stay unemployed in countries with very high tax rates.4Chemical and steel workers know their earnings to increase more than those in textile and tradesectors.6The budget deficit is known to be the excess of government expenditure over government revenue.5Newly established companies suppose e-commerce to be the essential part of their business.6Economists expect global demand for all forms of energy to jump by one-third over the next 10years as major emerging economies - China, India and Brazil, in particular - seek fuel suppliesfrom around the globe to feed growth in their economies.7One form of money or another seems to have been used in all societies since time immemorial.8When a conflict arises between making a profit or serving the public interest, the Fed is expectedto choose the latter.9The firm is now thought to be in control of almost 40% of its own shares, and is still buying.78910They project demand in Europe to grow at aslower pace than in the United States or China, butEurope will face a greater dependence on importsas its own oil and natural gas production trails off.Today perhaps more than ever before, societyexpects companies to use their economic strengthfor broader social goals, and to demonstrate environmental responsibility, support for communities,high standards of ethical behavior, and greatertransparency and accountability.The Prime Minister has decided to get the Cabinetto make an earlier than expected decision on thebudget.A number of bail-out strategies for bond insurersare under consideration.
New York’s insuranceregulator, Eric Dinallo, is trying to get Wall Streetbanks to stump up funds for a rescue.3610These job cuts bring the total job losses in the housebuilding sector to 5,500 this year. The truefigure is thought to be even higher as this does not include many casual staff on building sites.37E) INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION: “FOR + NOUN (PRONOUN) + INFINITIVE”Model 6Model 7The deflation produced by these policies is likely (sure, bound) to increase unemployment.Present plans are for the Prime Minister to make a statement in the first part ofnext week.Дефляция, к которой привел этот политический курс, вероятно (наверняка,обязательно) увеличит безработицу.В настоящий момент планы состоят в том, чтобы премьер-министрвыступил с заявлением в начале следующей недели.1Growth in the economy is unlikely to be continuous over a long period.2If partners have serious and constant disagreements, the business is bound to suffer.3Tougher bank regulation is bound to follow the subprime crisis.4An increase in the wage rate is sure to reduce the quantity of labour demanded.5Japan’s economic success carries inevitable political consequences, and they are bound to berecognized sooner or later.6However, the move is likely to tie the hands of the next Slovak government, as it requires a highdegree of budgetary discipline.7In financing business activities a company is likely to rely to a great extent on short-term financing.8With demand weak and the stock of homes for sale close to its highest level for 15 years, pricesare likely to fall.91038The main reasons to be more optimistic are that domestic demand (consumer spending and investment) is likely to remain stronger further.The spreading sub-prime crisis in the United States is unlikely to have a serious impact on China’s real estate sector.1For the equipment to be replaced by the new one, theaccountant should calculate bothphysical and moral depreciation.2It is important to keep unemployment rate as low as possiblefor society to use its resourceseffectively.3Several European countries, ledby France, had called before theG8 meeting for Russia to allowindependent gas producers tosell gas directly to Europe, offering in return longer-term supply contracts and help with financingfurther pipelines.4A «hotline» will be set up for Russian auditors to obtain qualified advice.5The report sees little reason for the fund to provide long-term loans to countries in deep povertybut not in acute crisis.6The rise of homeless emphasizes the desperate need for the Government to fulfill its pledge tomeet the problem with a lower rate of interest for housing.7It is not necessary nowadays for markets to be located in any particular place.8The practice shows that it is natural for wholesalers to distribute goods in large quantities, usually to retailers for resale.9For the inflation to be anticipated and restricted, the government should follow recommendations of experienced economists.10It is quite possible for high unemployment to coexist with shortages of particular types of labouror shortages in certain geographical areas.39F) SUBJUNCTIVE: “SHOULD SB/STH DO STH”.X.
Gerund and gerundialconstructionModel 3Oil-producing capacity outside OPEC could be brought back on stream should oilprices ever flip up again.Нефтепроизводящие мощности за пределами ОПЕК могли бы быть сноваприведены в действие, в случае если произойдет новый скачок цен нанефть.1Should NYSE system falter, much stock trading would shift to NASDAQ and alternative exchange networks, which are using the newer systems.2Should some bank or big hedge fund be caught out by the sudden sell-off, it could have lastingimplications.3Should cars switch from oil to electricity, the demand for power generated from carbon-freesources will increase still further.4There are fears that economic growth will suffer should credit continue to be hard to obtain.5Should China get into trouble in the next couple of years, Russia’s outlook may darken significantly.6Since October last year, should a bank fail, the FSCS will meet in full the first £35,000 of anyloss – but nothing above this.740A) GERUNDModel 1Supermarkets will be urged to drop “three for two” deals on food that encourageshoppers into bulk-buying more than they need, often leading to the surpluses being thrown away.Правительство призовет супермаркеты отказаться от акций “три предмета поцене двух”, которые подталкивают покупателей к приобретению большегоколичества товаров, чем им нужно, в результате чего излишки частовыбрасываются.12In this chapter the emphasis is not onlearning economics but on mastering thetools of the trade.Models are frameworks for organizing theway we think about a problem.3They (macroeconomists) prefer to treatthem all as a single bundle called “consumer goods” because they are more interestedin studying the interaction between households’ purchases of consumer goods andfirms’ decisions about purchases of machinery and buildings.4Conservative people in rural areas were tremendously enthusiastic about buying shares of railroad stock, often mortgaging their farms or businesses to do so.5Current inflation levels are “worrying” and are set to stay high before cooling gradually nextyear.6Government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control.7The laws have had some success in preventing fraud and secret dealings aimed at manipulatingstock prices.8Dedication to laissez-faire has not prevented private interests in the United States from turning tothe government for help on numerous occasions.Should a lender collapse, savers will be rescued by a generous state bail-out, receiving their cashup to £50,000 within seven days.419They can organize their work without being interfered with and controlled by big business.10Mexico and Brazil are satisfied with having increased their exports of manufactured goods toindustrialized countries.B) GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTIONXI.
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