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1 . Labels showing region, denoting words which are limited to particular parts of the world.

ВrЕ.AmE СапЕ CarE IrE AustrE SafrE IndE&ParE NZE ScotE.

Here belong labels that denote words borrowed from other languages (barbarisms, foreignisms): .

Fr Germ Jf Lat Sp

1. Labels showing special fields or subjects, denoting words that are used in certain fields of activity or certain types of writing ,

bibl — used mainly in the Bible

law — legal term—used in contracts, courts of law

lit - used mainly in literature

med - medical term used by doctors, nurses etc.

naut - nautical term - used by sailors

poet - used mainly in poetry

tech — technical term - used by specialists in various fields

As we can see the labels of this group include common literary vocabulary (terms) & special literal vocabulary ( Poetical words).

3. Labels showing situations in which words are used, denoting words which would only be suitable in certain types of situation. infml fml sl.

These labels deal with common literary vocabulary & common colloquial vocabulary, & with a particular group of words which is considered to be slang & which is difficult to juxtapose with any layer of the English Language because of the uncertain definition of the term slang , LDELC suggests the following definition:

SLANG - very informal, rarely used in writing , used especially in the private language of particular social groups.

Though we may consider slang as a layer of nonstandard (special colloquial vocabulary - non-literary) close to jargonisms & vulgarisms, professionalisms. Judging by Galperin's point of view this type is typical more of the English Language.

1. Labels showing time, denoting words which are no longer used in modem English (though they will be found in old books) & some of the words beginning to be used less often.

old-fash - no longer common , used mainly by older people

old use — no longer u sed

rare or becoming rare — rarely used, or beginning to be used less often . This group of labels serve special literary vocabulary (mainly archaic)

5 . Labels showing attitude

apprec. - shows that the speaker likes or approves of something

derog — derogatory — shows that the speaker dislikes or disapproves of something

euph - euphemistic - a polite or indirect word for something unpleasant or embarrassing

humor — shows a joking or ironic attitude

pomp - shows a foolishy self-important attitude

These labels mainly serve to identify positive or negative connotation of the word, that is why we may suppose that all these labels can be found both in common literary & common colloquial vocabularies, as well as in the group of nonstandard words.

6. Labels showing limitations on use

dial — a word belonging to the local speech of a particular area

nonstandard — a word regarded as incorrect by most educated speakers

taboo — a very offensive word which should always be avoided

tdmk - a trademark, whose use is officially controlled

These labels serve mainly special colloquial vocabulary the label nonstandard differs from the notion that the layer nonstandard has, because both dial and taboo belong to nonstandard, though from the other hand, from the educated point of view of the words with labels taboo & dial. may be regarded as incorrect. The label tdmk may be treated as a special term & thus may belong to common literary vocabulary. As the analyses shows the classification of the labels accepted in this dictionary is not exact and needs more consideration, though the labels themselves are quite suitable to show stytistical characterization & stylistical overtones.The variety of labels used in LDELC we shall consider farther in the third part.

OALED suggests a bit different grouping of the stylistic notations (Appendix II)

1. Currency, labels denoting words which are not used or used by some older speaker s & some words that are found mainly in books written in the first half of thi s century: dated archaic.

1. Region, labels denoting words which restricted to one country or area

Brit US Scot S.African Austr NZ

Here belongs dial - the label that refers to words & meanings that are restricted to particular regions of the British Isles not including Scotland & Ireland. So this very dictionary uses the label dial mainly as territorial characteristic of British Isles, though still belonging to special colloquial vocabulary.

3. Register, labels denoting words which must be used with particular care because they reflect a special relatioship between the speakers or a special occasion or setting (which could vary from an official ceremony to a relaxed meeting between friends)

! - denotes words or meanings likely to be thought offencive or shocking or indecert. (though not necessarily by eveyone or on every occasion)

In LDELC they use the label

taboo to denote such a group of words to show limitations on use.

sl -this label denotes a group of words inventive & often colourful items generally used in a very informal spoken context. Such an item usually belongs to or originate in the language of a particular social or occupation group (e.g. soldiers, nurses, prisoner s).

In LDELC this label has practically the same meaning but is found in the other group of labels which deals with the situations and often this label is used with the label taboo infml - denotes informal words & meanings, i.e. those indicating a close personal relationship & an unofficial occasion or getting

fml - denotes formal words & meanings , i.e. those chosen when speaking or writing in a serious or an official context to someone who is not a close friend or relation. These labels are grouped together with the label sl in LDELC.

rhet - rhetorical items are associated with writing or speech on seri ous or elevated themes, especially on very formal occasions. the use of such words elsewhere suggests a self-consciously pompous speaker or writer.

There is no such a label in LDELC, but this very label juxtapose with the label rhet in LERD & ERD. Thus we may infer that this group of labels denote the words belonging to practically all the layers of the word-stock of the English Language.(Appendix IV,VI).

4. Evaluation, labels denoting a particular attitude towards the person, thing or action referred to.

derog - that one desapprovse of or scorns the person or thing referred to or described by those.

approv - the opposite of derogatory ones, they suggest approval of or admiration for the thing or person referred to or described.

offensive - words to address or refer to people usually with the delibarate intention of their race or religion

euph - to refer to something unpleasant or painful in a pleasant (because more indirect) way.

In LDELC the label derog is opposed to the label apprec & there is no such a label as approv . The label offensive is not presented in this dictionary.

iron - the label denotes words that are intended to convey a sense opposite to the apparent sense.

fig - a figurative sense of a word is a non -literal (often metaforical) sense which can be related by native speakers to an original in the past, but it is no longer perceived, the label is not u sed.

The label iron is not given in LDELC, the label fig though represented in this dictionary, is not considered as the stylistical one.

joc - label, denoting words which are considered to be funny, whethergrim or innocent humor is meant. This label is close to humor LDELC though they are still different,

sexsist - label denotes words that express (sometimes uncontious) discriminatory or patronizing attitude towards someone of the opposite sex. They are almost always words used by men about or to women & can be used to express approval in a man-to-man context

Thi s label is rather new and modern and it is connected with the woman's movement. In LDELC this label is absent.

1. Technical fields - words & meanings which are normaly confined to technical use botany

chemistry

architecture

law physics

medical art

anat my cinema or TV

grammar computing

music

The terms covering the technical fields are more wildely represented in OALED than in LDELC. In LDELC we find the labels law, med, naut, tech, denoting the technical fields & belonging to the group, which shows special fields or subjects. The label tech covers all the labels which are not represented in LDELC, but are widly used in OALED.

If the classifications of labels in LDELC & OALED are close to each other somehow, we can't say the same of WNCD. This Dictionary differentiate three types of status labels. They are temporal, regional & stylistic. The stylistic labels are con sidered here as a signal that a word or a sense of a word is not part of the standard vocabulary of English .(Appendix III)

1 . The temporal label

obs - for obsolete - means that there i s no evidence of use since 1755.

archaic - means that a word or sense once in common use is found today only sporadically or in special contexts. The label obs is not used neither in LDELC nor in OALED.

Galperin I.R. gives the following definition of the word obsolete - is a group of archaic words that have already gone completely out of use bu t are still recogni zed by the English -speaking community,

2. Regional labels denote words which are limited in use to a specif ic region of the US. The labels here correspond loosely to one of the areas defined in Hans Kurath's Word Geography of the Ea stern United States. The adverb chiefly presents a label when the word has some currency outside the specified region & a double label is used to indicate considerable currency in each of two specific regions.

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