Кочетов Сопротивление материалов (968718), страница 4
Текст из файла (страница 4)
² dhwnnbpb_gl ebg_cgh]h jZkrbj_gby fZl_jbZeZ ba dhlhjh]hba]hlh\e_g kl_j`_gvO ² ^ebgZ kl_j`gyW W ± W ² jZaghklv l_fi_jZlmj hKJZkq_l klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfhc kl_j`g_\hc kbkl_fu ijb h^gh\j_f_gghf\ha^_ckl\bb lj_o \g_rgbo kbeh\uo nZdlhjh\ fh`_l \_klbkv ^\mfy kihkh[ZfbX h^gh\j_f_ggh mqblu\Z_lky \ha^_ckl\b_ \k_o lj_o nZdlhjh\X jZkq_l \_^_lky ihwlZighGZoh^ylky mkbeby b gZijy`_gby \ kl_j`gyo hl ^_ckl\by \g_rg_c gZ]jmadbgZoh^ylky mkbeby b gZijy`_gby hl baf_g_gby l_fi_jZlmju b hl g_lhqghklbba]hlh\e_gby kl_j`g_c fhglZ`gu_ gZijy`_gby Ihke_ q_]h Ze]_[jZbq_kdbkmffbjmxlky \_ebqbgu mkbebc b gZijy`_gbc \ dZ`^hf kl_j`g_ hl^_evghb hij_^_ey_lky khklhygb_ kbkl_fu ba mkeh\bc ijhqghklbJZkkfhljbf ijbf_j j_r_gby lZdhc aZ^ZqbIjbf_j @_kldbc ]jma :< ih^\_r_g k ihfhsvx lj_o h^bgZdh\hc ^ebgu O f kl_j`g_c b gZ]jm`_g kbehc J dG jbk Z JZaf_ju jZkklhygbc jZ\gu Z f E f k f I_j\uc b lj_lbc kl_j`_gv ba]hlh\e_gu ba klZeb ) kf ) kf ? Â FIZ .
 ± \lhjhckl_j`_gv ba]hlh\e_g ba f_^b ) kf ?  FIZ .  ± b dhjhq_ ijh_dlgh]h jZaf_jZ gZ / ff Ijb wdkiemZlZpbb kbkl_fu __ l_fi_jZlmjZ fh`_l ih^gylvky ^h K Hij_^_eblv gZijy`_gb_ \ dZ`^hf kl_j`g_kf Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f kbeu J \k_ kl_j`gb [m^ml jZkly]b\Zlvky < kl_j`gyo b \hagbdgml j_Zdpbb 1 1 b 1Z[ >ey j_r_gby aZ^Zqb khklZ\bf ^\Z mjZ\g_gby jZ\gh\_kbyKmffZ ijh_dpbc gZ hkv m ^Zkl ke_^mxs__ mjZ\g_gb_ \ 1 1 1 ± 3 MjZ\g_gb_ fhf_glh\ hlghkbl_evgh lhqdb K ^Z_l ke_^mxs__ \ujZ`_gb_ 0 ± 1  D 1  E ± 3  F >ey j_r_gby aZ^Zqb mjZ\g_gbc b g_ ^hklZlhqgh kbkl_fZ kh^_j`bl ljb g_ba\_klguo 1 1 b 1 l _ aZ^ZqZ h^bg jZa klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfZIh^ ^_ckl\b_f kbeu J kl_j`gb [m^ml ^_nhjfbjh\Zlvky Ko_fZ ^_nhjfZpbbkbkl_fu ihdZaZgZ gZ jbk [ :gZebabjmy jbkmghd fh`gh khklZ\blv ke_^mxs__ ^_nhjfZpbhggh_ mjZ\g_gb_.,,'O 'O GMqblu\Zy \ebygb_ l_fi_jZlmju ^_nhjfZpbb û O û O b û O hij_^_eyxlky dZd O'O D O9 . O'O D O9 2 O'O D O9 .'O 'O Ih^klZ\ey_f agZq_gby ^_nhjfZpbc \ 1 O1O D .
OW D . OW( )()1 O 21O D 2 OW D . OW G( )()ZEZJ_rZy kh\f_klgh mjZ\g_gby b gZoh^bf 1 1 b 1 dhlhju_ jZ\gu 1 G 1 G 1 GAgZy mkbeby \hagbdZxsb_ \ kl_j`gyo gZoh^bf gZijy`_gby 1 1 b 18 FIZ 8 FIZFIZIjb jZa^_evghf hij_^_e_gbb gZijy`_gbc hl dZ`^h]h ba kbeh\uo nZdlhjh\ijb kmffbjh\Zgbb bo gZijy`_gbc j_amevlZl [m^_l lZdhc `_Ijb j_r_gbb ^\Z`^u b [he__ klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfuo kl_j`g_\uo kbkl_fg_h[oh^bfh khklZ\eylv klhevdh ^_nhjfZpbhgguo mjZ\g_gbc q_fm jZ\gZ kl_i_gv klZlbq_kdhc g_hij_^_ebfhklb j_rZ_fhc kbkl_fu8 ¢²ÃÉ·ÄÃIJĺɷüº¿·ÀÁ·¶·½º¾ÍÇÃķ¸¿·´ÍÇúÃÄ·¾¾·ÄÀ¶À¾Â²¹ÂÅʲÐ˺ǿ²µÂŹÀ¼º¾·ÄÀ¶À¾Á·¶·½Î¿ÍÇÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿º»Ijb jZkq_l_ klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfuo kl_j`g_\uo kbkl_f ih ^himkdZ_fufgZijy`_gbyf ij_^iheZ]Zxl qlh fZdkbfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby \hagbdZxl \ gZb[he__ gZ]jm`_gghf kl_j`g_ Z hklZevgu_ kl_j`gb g_^h]jm`_gu l _ g_kmsZykihkh[ghklv kbkl_fu ijb lZdhf f_lh^_ jZkq_lZ bkihevam_lky g_ iheghklvx;he__ jZpbhgZevguf f_lh^hf y\ey_lky f_lh^ jZkq_lZ ih jZajmrZxsbf gZ]jmadZf dh]^Z gZb[hevrZy gZ]jmadZ gZ khhjm`_gb_ g_ ij_\hkoh^bl g_dhlhjhc^himkdZ_fhc gZ]jmadb J dhlhjZy jZ\gZ jZajmrZxs_c hiZkghc gZ]jmad_^_e_gghc gZ g_dhlhjuc dhwnnbpb_gl dhwnnbpb_gl aZiZkZ ijhqghklb>@! ²JPD[ d ># @ jZa Ijb jZkq_l_ ih f_lh^m jZajmrZxsbo gZ]jmahd \\h^blky mijhs_gb_ kh]eZkgh dhlhjhfm fZl_jbZe ke_^m_l aZdhgm =mdZ ^h ij_^_eZ l_dmq_klb ihke_ q_]h^_nhjfbjm_lky ijb ihklhygghf gZijy`_gbb [_a mijhqg_gby LZdZy ^bZ]jZffZ jbkgZau\Z_lky b^_Zebabjh\Zgghc ^bZ]jZffhc IjZg^ley JZkkfhljbf ijbf_j jZkq_lZ klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfhc kl_j`g_\hc kbkl_fuih f_lh^m jZajmrZxsbo gZ]jmahd >ey khihklZ\e_gby j_amevlZlh\ jZkq_lZ\ dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ j_rbf kbkl_fm ij_^klZ\e_ggmx gZ jbkbIjbf_j GZclb ^himklbfmx gZ]jmadm ^ey kbkl_fu jbkihevamykv f_lh^hf jZkq_lZ ih jZajmrZxsbf gZ]jmadZf b khihklZ\blv j_amevlZlu jZkq_lZ k ijbf_jhf]^_ wlZ `_ kbkl_fZ jZkkqblZgZ ih ^himkdZ_fuf gZijy`_gbyf Ijb jZkq_l_ ijbgylv VFIZ Z dhwnnbpb_glaZiZkZ l Ihkl_i_ggh m\_ebqb\Zy kbem J fh`gh ^hklbqv lZdh]h khklhygby dh]^Z \h\lhjhf b i_j\hf kl_j`gyo gZijy`_gby [m^ml jZ\gu ij_^_em l_dmq_klb VIjb wlhf khklhygbb g_kmsZy kihkh[ghklv kbkl_fu [m^_l bkq_jiZgZKhklZ\bf ^ey jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc kbkl_fu mjZ\g_gb_ fhf_glh\ hlghkbl_evghlhqdb :l¦ FRV q ± <ujZabf mkbeby b q_j_a ij_^_e l_dmq_klbV l b \\_^_f wlb agZq_gby \ mjZ\g_gb_LZd dZdV l Jj@ JjZa gZc^_f ba mjZ\g_gby >S @Vl FRV Vl Z ± J k> È FRV , È oHlghr_gb_ ^himklbfhc gZ]jmadb hij_^_e_gghc ih f_lh^m jZajmrZxsbo gZ]jmahd d ^himklbfhc gZ]jmad_ gZc^_gghc ih ^himkdZ_fuf gZijy`_gbyf ihdZau\Z_l qlh f_lh^ jZkq_lZ ih jZajmrZxsbf gZ]jmadZf [he__ wnn_dlb\_g l d!S @ !ºÄÅ >G_kmsZy kihkh[ghklv kbkl_fu jZkkqblZgghc ih wlhfm f_lh^m \ jZaZ[hevr_ q_f g_kmsZy kihkh[ghklv wlhc `_ kbkl_fu jZkkqblZgghc ih ^himkdZ_fuf gZijy`_gbyfH^gbf dhwnnbpb_glhf aZiZkZ ljm^gh mq_klv fgh]hqbke_ggu_ nZdlhju dhlhju_ ^ey jZaebqguo khhjm`_gbc fh]ml ijhy\eylvky \ jZaebqguo khq_lZgbyoK p_evx [he__ ]b[dh]h mq_lZ jZaebqguo nZdlhjh\ bkihevam_lky f_lh^ jZkq_lZ ih ij_^_evguf khklhygbyfIj_^_evguf khklhygb_f gZau\Z_lky lZdh_ khklhygb_ dhgkljmdpbb ijb dhlhjhf hgZ i_j_klZ_l m^h\e_l\hjylv wdkiemZlZpbhgguf lj_[h\ZgbyfJZaebqZxl ljb \b^Z ij_^_evguo khklhygbc I_j\h_ gZklmiZ_l lh]^Z dh]^Zbkq_jiu\Z_lky g_kmsZy kihkh[ghklv dhgkljmdpbb Ijb \lhjhf ihy\eyxlkyaZljm^g_gby \ wdkiemZlZpbb dhgkljmdpbb \ke_^kl\b_ [hevrbo ^_nhjfZpbcIjb lj_lv_f ij_^_evghf khklhygbb \hagbdZxl qj_af_jgu_ f_klgu_ ^_nhjfZpbb gZijbf_j \hagbdgh\_gb_ lj_sbgu Ijh\_jdZ ijhqghklb ih ij_^_evghfm khklhygbx ijhba\h^blky ih nhjfme_ d ]^_ jZkq_lgh_ mkbeb_ \hagbdZxs__ \ we_f_gl_ dhgkljmdpbb]_hf_ljbq_kdZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ k_q_gbyjZkq_lgh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeZ²²²g]^_ ghjfZlb\gh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeZ ij_^_e l_dmq_klb V bebij_^_e ijhqghklb Vdhwnnbpb_gl h^ghjh^ghklb fZl_jbZeZ gZijbf_j ^ey klZeb^ey [_lhgZ ^ey ^_j_\Z dhwnnbpb_gl mkeh\by jZ[hlu mqblu\Zxsbc \hafh`gu_ hldehg_gbyhl ijh_dlguo jZaf_jh\ g²l\ ²«« ²«À¿ÄÂÀ½Î¿Í·´ÀÁÂÀÃÍDZdZy jZagbpZ f_`^m klZlbq_kdb hij_^_ebfhc b klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfhc kl_j`g_\hc kbkl_fhcKdhevdh mjZ\g_gbc klZlbdb gm`gh khklZ\blv ^ey kbkl_fu kbe e_`ZsbogZ h^ghc ijyfhcKdhevdh mjZ\g_gbc klZlbdb gm`gh khklZ\blv ^ey kbkl_fu kbe jZkiheh`_gguo dZd m]h^gh \ iehkdhklb gh koh^ysboky \ h^ghc lhqd_Kdhevdh mjZ\g_gbc klZlbdb gm`gh khklZ\blv ^ey kbkl_fu kbe jZkiheh`_gguo dZd m]h^gh \ iehkdhklb b g_ koh^ysboky \ h^ghc lhqd_DZdh_ \ebygb_ hdZau\Z_l gZ kl_j`g_\mx klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfmx kbkl_fm baf_g_gb_ l_fi_jZlmjuDZd mqblu\Zxlky \ klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfuo kl_j`g_\uo kbkl_fZofhglZ`gu_ gZijy`_gbyDZd \_^_lky jZkq_l klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfuo kbkl_f ih f_lh^m jZajmrZxsbo gZ]jmahdH[tykgbl_ f_lh^ jZkq_lZ klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfuo kl_j`g_\uo kbkl_fih ij_^_evghfm khklhygbx"""""""½²´² ÿÀ´ÍÄ·Àºº¿²ÁÂѸ·¿¿ÀµÀº¶·ÆÀ¾ºÂÀ´²¿¿ÀµÀÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿ºÑ²ÁÂѸ·¿¿À·ÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿º·´ÄÀɼ·Ä´·Â¶ÀµÀÄ·½²GZ jbkihdZaZgh l_eh gZoh^ys__ky \ khklhygbb jZ\gh\_kby Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f \g_rgbo kbe J JJ3 f_`^m qZklyfb l_eZ \hagbdZxl \gmlj_ggb_kbeu \aZbfh^_ckl\by « >ey bkke_^h\Zgby wlbo kbe \ k_q_gbb ZE l_eZ \havf_f lhqdm : we_f_glZjgh]hiZjZee_e_ibi_^Z ?keb jZaf_ju iZjZee_e_ibi_^Z mf_gvrZlv lh hg klyg_lky\ lhqdm Kh\hdmighklv gZijy`_gbc \hagbdZxsbo \h fgh`_kl\_ iehsZ^hd ijhoh^ysbo q_j_a jZkkfZljb\Z_fmx lhqdm gZau\Z_lky gZijy`_gguf khklhygb_f½²´² \ lhqd_ Ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb gZijy`_ggh]h khklhygby \ lhqd_ ij_^iheZ]Z_fqlh l_eh gZ dhlhjh_ ^_ckl\mxl \g_rgb_ kbeu h^ghjh^gh Ihegh_ gZijy`_gb_ \hagbdZxs__ gZ dZ`^hc ]jZgb we_f_glZjgh]h iZjZee_e_ibi_^Z kh klhjhgZfb G[ G\ G] fh`_l [ulv jZaeh`_gh gZ ljb khklZ\eyxsb_ h^gm ih ghjfZeb d iehsZ^d_ b ^\_ ih iehkdhklb k_q_gby GhjfZevgh_ gZijy`_gb_h[hagZqZ_lky q_j_a V bg^_dkhf khhl\_lkl\mxsbf hkyf [ \ b ] jbkDZkZl_evgh_ gZijy`_gb_ h[hagZqZ_lky [md\hc W k ^\mfy bg^_dkZfb i_j\uckhhl\_lkl\m_l hkb i_ji_g^bdmeyjghc d iehsZ^d_ Z \lhjhc hkb \^hev dhlhjhc gZijZ\e_g \_dlhj W Hjb_glZpby kZfbo hk_c ijhba\hevgZyGhjfZevgh_ jZkly]b\Zxs__ gZijy`_gb_ V kqblZ_lky iheh`bl_evguf k`bfZxs__ hljbpZl_evgufJZkkfhljbf kemqZc dh]^Z ih ]jZgyf we_f_glZ ^_ckl\mxl lhevdh ghjfZevgu_gZijy`_gby V\ b V] l _ ij_^iheZ]Z_f qlh l_eh gZoh^ys__ky \ jZ\gh\_kbbij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ieZklbgm lhesbghc jZ\gmx<uj_`_f ba wlhc ieZklbgu iZjZee_e_ibi_^ \ h[eZklb lhqdb : jbkKh klhjhgu kj_^u hdjm`Zxs_c iZjZee_e_ibi_^ gZ g_]h ^_ckl\mxl \ h[s_fkemqZ_ dZd ghjfZevgu_ lZd b dZkZl_evgu_ mkbeby GZ jbkihdZaZgu\_dlhju ghjfZevguo b dZkZl_evguo gZijy`_gbc khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ wlbfmkbebyf Hkb dhhj^bgZl kh\f_s_gu k p_gljhf we_f_glZ IZjZee_e_ibi_^\u^_e_gguc ba l_eZ jbk^he`_g gZoh^blvky \ khklhygbb jZ\gh\_kbyih^ ^_ckl\b_f kbe ijbeh`_gguo d _]h ]jZgyfF ²²² ÿÀ´Í Ä·Àºº ¿²ÁÂѸ·¿¿ÀµÀ º ¶·ÆÀ¾ºÂÀ´²¿¿ÀµÀ ÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿ºÑ >ebgu j_[_j iZjZee_e_ibi_^Z jZ\gu G\ b G] lhesbgZ dZd m`_ kdZaZgh jZ\gZ KbeZ ijbeh`_ggZy d dZdhc eb[h ]jZgb jZ\gZ khhl\_lkl\mxs_fm gZijy`_gbx mfgh`_gghfm gZ iehsZ^v ]jZgb gZijbf_j W]\G\ u Hq_\b^ghqlh ghjfZevgu_ mkbeby gZ ]jZgyo iZjZee_e_ibi_^Z \aZbfgh mjZ\gh\_r_guDZkZl_evgu_ mkbeby gZ l_o `_ ]jZgyo h[jZamxl ^\_ iZju kbe W]\G\ie_qhf G] b W ie_qhf G\ kmffZjguc fhf_gl dhlhjuo ^he`_g [ulv jZ\_g gmexF\] FHlkx^Z ke_^m_l qlhW]\G\G] ± W\]G]G\W]\ W\]<\b^m lh]h qlh we_f_glZjguc iZjZee_e_ibi_^ fh`_l [ulv hjb_glbjh\Zgijhba\hevgh khhlghr_gb_\ujZ`Z_l h[s__ iheh`_gb_ gZau\Z_fh_aZdhghf iZjghklb dZkZl_evguo gZijy`_gbcAZdhg iZjghklb dZkZl_evguo gZijy`_gbc kijZ\_^eb\ ^ey \k_o lhq_d gZ]jm`_ggh]h l_eZ g_aZ\bkbfh hl \b^Z ijbeh`_gguo gZ]jmahd b k\hckl\ fZl_jbZeZ Ke_^kl\b_f wlh]h aZdhgZ y\ey_lky lh qlh gZ ]jZgyo \u^_e_ggh]h we_f_glZjbkbf__f g_ ^_\ylv Z lhevdh r_klv g_aZ\bkbfuo dhfihg_glh\ gZijy`_gbc ihkdhevdm dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby jZ\gu ihiZjghJZkkfZljb\Z_fuc we_f_gl jbkhjb_glbjh\Zg \ ijhkljZgkl\_ ijhba\hevgh ?keb _]h fuke_ggh jZa\hjZqb\Zlv hlghkbl_evgh hk_c o m ] lh hg ½²´² fh`_l aZgylv \ dZdhc lh fhf_gl iheh`_gb_ dh]^Z ih _]h ]jZgyf [m^ml ^_ckl\h\Zlv lhevdh ghjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby V[ V\ b V] GhjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsb_ wlhfm iheh`_gbx we_f_glZ ijbgylh gZau\Zlv ]eZ\gufbgZijy`_gbyfb jbk[ Wlb gZijy`_gby h[hagZqZxlky V V Vl _ gZb[hevr_fm Ze]_[jZbq_kdhfm agZq_gbx gZijy`_gby khhl\_lkl\m_li_j\uc bg^_dk b l ^ GZijbf_j VFIZ VFIZ VFIZIehsZ^db beb ]jZgb we_f_glZ ih dhlhjuf g_ ^_ckl\mxl dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby gZau\Zxlky ]eZ\gufb iehsZ^dZfbJZkiheh`bf \k_ gZijy`_gby hij_^_eyxsb_ gZijy`_ggh_ khklhygb_ \ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc lhqd_ \ \b^_ ke_^mxs_c fZljbpu !!± V [°®W \[°W¯ ][W [\V\W ]\W [] ½°W \] ¾ V ] °¿< i_j\hf klhe[p_ jZkiheh`_gu \k_ dhfihg_glu gZijy`_gbc bf_xsb_ gZijZ\e_gby iZjZee_evgu_ hkb o \h \lhjhf iZjZee_evgu_ hkb m b \ lj_lv_fklhe[p_ iZjZee_evgu_ hkb ] GhjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby ijb lZdhf kihkh[_ihkljh_gby jZkiheh`_gu ih ]eZ\ghc ^bZ]hgZeb Z h^bgZdh\u_ ih \_ebqbg_dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby jZkiheh`_gu kbff_ljbqgh hlghkbl_evgh wlhc ^bZ]hgZebWlm fZljbpmijbgylh gZau\Zlv l_gahjhf gZijy`_gbc²²LCV [°®W \[°W¯ ][W [] ½°W \] ¾ V ] °¿W [\V\W ]\º¿·»¿À·¿²ÁÂѸ·¿¿À·ÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿º·Ijb ^_ckl\bb gZ kl_j`_gv lhevdh jZkly]b\Zxsbo beb k`bfZxsbo mkbebcgZ[ex^Z_lky ebg_cgh_ gZijy`_ggh_ khklhygb_Kh]eZkgh ]bihl_a_ ;_jgmeeb \ ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbyo ijb lZdhf gZ]jm`_gbb^_ckl\mxl lhevdh ghjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby V JZkkfhljbf dZdb_ gZijy`_gby^_ckl\mxl ih gZdehgguf b ijh^hevguf k_q_gbyf b dZd hgb baf_gyxlky\ aZ\bkbfhklb hl m]eZ gZdehgZ k_q_gbyIj_^iheh`bf qlh gZ kl_j`_gv ^_ckl\mxl jZkly]b\Zxsb_ gZ]jmadb JZkk_q_f wlhl kl_j`_gv k_q_gb_f :< ih^ ijhba\hevguf m]ehf D d ihi_j_qghfmk_q_gbx b bkihevamy f_lh^ k_q_gbc hl[jhkbf \_jogxx qZklv kl_j`gy ÿÀ´Í Ä·Àºº ¿²ÁÂѸ·¿¿ÀµÀ º ¶·ÆÀ¾ºÂÀ´²¿¿ÀµÀ ÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿ºÑ>_ckl\b_ hl[jhr_gghc qZklb aZf_gbf ^_ckl\b_f \gmlj_ggbo mijm]bo kbe jZkij_^_e_gguo ih k_q_gbx jZ\ghf_jgh jbkZ [ IehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gby :< h[hagZqbf q_j_a ) Z gZdehggh]h k_q_gby :< q_j_a ), < ex[hfihi_j_qghf k_q_gbb kl_j`gy ijb lZdhf gZ]jm`_gbb dZd ]h\hjbehkv jZg__ \ dZ`^hc _]h lhqd_ [m^_l \hagbdZlv gZijy`_gb_ V 1 ) Ih gZdehgghfm k_q_gbx:< \ dZ`^hc lhqd_ lZd`_ [m^_l \hagbdZlv gZijy`_gb_ j ?keb ij_^iheh`blv qlhjZ\gh^_ckl\mxsZy \gmlj_ggbo mijm]bo kbe khkj_^hlhq_gZ \ p_glj_ gZdehggh]hk_q_gby lh gZijy`_gb_ ^_ckl\mxs__ ih k_q_gbx gZc^_f dZd ²S1 ), JZaeh`bf wlh gZijy`_gb_ gZ ^\Z khklZ\eyxsbo ghjfZevgh_ V, b dZkZl_evgh_ W,V, S FRV D W, S VLQ D .48 .
lh .48 . Z 5 .. 1 , .48 . 1 .48 .1 2. FRV , VLQ , 1 FRV , VLQ . VLQ .LZd dZdLZdbf h[jZahf hdhgqZl_evgh ghjfZevgh_ b dZkZl_evgh_ gZijy`_gby ^_ckl\mxsb_ ih gZdehgghfm k_q_gbx [m^ml hij_^_eylvky ih nhjfmeZfV, V FRV DW, V VLQ D ½²´² ?keb ijbgylv DbDlh fh`gh ijhke_^blv dZd f_gyxlkyDgZijy`_gby ijb ih\hjhl_ jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h k_q_gbyDDV , V W,§ · VV , V ¨¨ ¸¸© ¹D V, W, .Ba ZgZebaZ \b^gh qlh ghjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby ^hklb]Zxl fZdkbfZevgh]hagZq_gby \ ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbyo D q Z dZkZl_evgu_ \ k_q_gbyo jZkiheh`_gguo ih^ m]ehfd ijh^hevghc hkb Hgb b y\eyxlky ijbqbghcl_dmq_klb fZl_jbZeZ ijb jZkly`_gbb beb k`ZlbbGZfb mklZgh\e_gh qlh \ ijh^hevguo k_q_gbyo Dg_ ^_ckl\mxl ghjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby ihwlhfm ijb ebg_cghf gZijy`_gghf khklhygbb V V < aZdexq_gb_ mkeh\bfky qlh m]he hldeZ^u\Z_fuc ijhlb\ qZkh\hcklj_edb [m^_l iheh`bl_evguf Z ih qZkh\hc hljbpZl_evguf DZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby [m^_f kqblZlv iheh`bl_evgufb _keb ghjfZev d k_q_gbxih\_jgmlZy gZ ijhlb\ qZkh\hc klj_edb [m^_l kh\iZ^Zlv k gZijZ\e_gb_fdZkZl_evgh]h gZijy`_gby GZ jbk\ dZkZl_evgh_ gZijy`_gb_ hljbpZl_evgh ²² ¡½ÀüÀ·¿²ÁÂѸ·¿¿À·ÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿º·?keb fuke_ggh \uj_aZlv ba gZ]jm`_ggh]h \g_rgbfb kbeZfb l_eZ we_f_gl\ \b^_ iZjZee_e_ibi_^Z ih ]jZgyf dhlhjh]h [m^ml ^_ckl\h\Zlv lhevdh ^\Z]eZ\guo gZijy`_gby V b V Z V lh ihemqbf kemqZc iehkdh]h gZijy`_ggh]h khklhygbyGZ jbkij_^klZ\e_g we_f_gl ieZklbgdZ gZ ]jZgb dhlhjh]h ^_ckl\mxljZkly]b\Zxsb_ gZijy`_gby V b V Z V l _ nZkZ^gZy ]jZgv g_ gZ]jm`_gZ JZkk_q_f wlhl we_f_gl k_q_gb_f :< Ih ghjfZeb d wlhfm k_q_gbx [m^_l^_ckl\h\Zlv gZijy`_gb_ V, Z ih dZkZl_evghc W, \ua\Zggh_ ^_ckl\b_f]eZ\guo gZijy`_gbc V b V?keb kqblZlv aZ^Zggufb V b V b m]eu D b D hij_^_eyxsb_ iheh`_gb_k_q_gby :< ih hlghr_gbx d hkyf m gZijZ\e_gb_ V b ] gZijZ\e_gb_ Vlh gZijy`_gby V, b W, ^_ckl\mxsb_ ih iehsZ^d_ :< gZc^_f dZd ²V, Vc, Vs,W, Wc, Ws,]^_ Vc, b Vs, ghjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby gZ iehsZ^d_ :< \ua\Zggu_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh ]eZ\gufb gZijy`_gbyfb V b V² ÿÀ´Í Ä·Àºº ¿²ÁÂѸ·¿¿ÀµÀ º ¶·ÆÀ¾ºÂÀ´²¿¿ÀµÀ ÃÀÃÄÀÑ¿ºÑ Wc, b Ws, ² dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby \hagbdZxsb_ gZ iehsZ^d_ :< \ua\Zggu_ ^_ckl\b_f gZ we_f_gl gZijy`_gbc V b VLZd dZd Vc, V FRV D D Vs, V FRV DV, Vc, Vs, V FRV D V FRV D V FRV D V FRV q DV FRV D V VLQ Dbeb ijbgbfZy D D bf__fV, V FRV D V VLQ DDZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby gZc^_f ZgZeh]bqghWc,Lh]^ZW,V VLQ D Ws,V VLQ D V VLQ D V VLQ D >V VLQ D V VLQ D q@ V ± V VLQ D HdhgqZl_evgh_ \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey hij_^_e_gby dZkZl_evguo gZijy`_gbc ^_ckl\mxsbo gZ ijhba\hevgh \u[jZgghc iehsZ^d_ :< [m^_l ke_^mxsbf2.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
